"use strict"; const {Fragment: _Fragment, jsx: _jsx, jsxs: _jsxs} = arguments[0]; const {useMDXComponents: _provideComponents} = arguments[0]; function _createMdxContent(props) { const _components = { blockquote: "blockquote", code: "code", h3: "h3", li: "li", p: "p", pre: "pre", strong: "strong", table: "table", tbody: "tbody", td: "td", th: "th", thead: "thead", tr: "tr", ul: "ul", ..._provideComponents(), ...props.components }, {Answer, Assessment, Callout, ContentAttribution, English, Explanation, FlowCard, Hl, ImportantQA, KeyPoints, MCQ, MermaidDiagram, PinnedFlowBoard, Practical, Prompt, QAQuestion, SubTopicHeader, Summary, TableCard, Term, Theory, Time, TopicOverview} = _components; if (!Answer) _missingMdxReference("Answer", true); if (!Assessment) _missingMdxReference("Assessment", true); if (!Callout) _missingMdxReference("Callout", true); if (!ContentAttribution) _missingMdxReference("ContentAttribution", true); if (!English) _missingMdxReference("English", true); if (!Explanation) _missingMdxReference("Explanation", true); if (!FlowCard) _missingMdxReference("FlowCard", true); if (!Hl) _missingMdxReference("Hl", true); if (!ImportantQA) _missingMdxReference("ImportantQA", true); if (!KeyPoints) _missingMdxReference("KeyPoints", true); if (!MCQ) _missingMdxReference("MCQ", true); if (!MermaidDiagram) _missingMdxReference("MermaidDiagram", true); if (!PinnedFlowBoard) _missingMdxReference("PinnedFlowBoard", true); if (!Practical) _missingMdxReference("Practical", true); if (!Prompt) _missingMdxReference("Prompt", true); if (!QAQuestion) _missingMdxReference("QAQuestion", true); if (!SubTopicHeader) _missingMdxReference("SubTopicHeader", true); if (!Summary) _missingMdxReference("Summary", true); if (!TableCard) _missingMdxReference("TableCard", true); if (!Term) _missingMdxReference("Term", true); if (!Theory) _missingMdxReference("Theory", true); if (!Time) _missingMdxReference("Time", true); if (!TopicOverview) _missingMdxReference("TopicOverview", true); return _jsxs(_Fragment, { children: [_jsxs(Theory, { children: [_jsx(SubTopicHeader, { id: "2.4", title: "Sultanate Period — Vijayanagar & Other Kingdoms" }), _jsx(KeyPoints, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Vijayanagara Empire and Krishnadevaraya" }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Bahmani Kingdom — Formation and Structure" }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Battle of Talikota — Coalition and Aftermath" }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Art and Administration — Dravida and Persianate Systems" }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Five Deccan Sultanates — Successor Polity" }), "\n"] }) }), _jsx(TopicOverview, { title: "Introduction to Sultanate Period — Vijayanagar & Other Kingdoms", topicId: "2.4", readingTime: "13 min read", difficulty: "Medium", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "When the Delhi Sultanate's southern control collapsed in the mid-14th century, the Deccan did not fragment into anarchy. Two durable powers rose on opposite banks of the Krishna-Tungabhadra divide — Vijayanagara in the south and the Bahmani kingdom in the north. For over two centuries they shaped Deccan politics through war, revenue competition, and rival claims to legitimacy. This chapter traces how Vijayanagara peaked under Krishnadevaraya, how the Bahmani sultanate administered and then fractured, why Talikota in 1565 displaced but did not immediately end Vijayanagara, and how art and administration made authority visible in both traditions." }) }), _jsxs(Explanation, { children: [_jsxs(_components.blockquote, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "Introduction" }), "\n"] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The period from ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1336" }), " to ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1565" }), " is a story of a shared frontier. Neither Vijayanagara nor the Bahmanis could permanently hold the fertile ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Fertile tract between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers, contested by Vijayanagara and Bahmani states", children: "Raichur Doab" }), " or the Godavari basin. Their rivalry produced a militarized state system. Its architecture, chronicles, and revenue records allow us to separate what the sources prove from what later histories infer."] }), _jsxs(_components.blockquote, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "👑 Vijayanagara Empire and Krishnadevaraya — The Southern Imperial Apex" }), "\n"] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The context is Delhi's overreach. Under ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Sultan of Delhi known for shifting capital to Daulatabad and Deccan campaigns", children: "Muhammad bin Tughlaq" }), ", armies reached Madurai and Daulatabad. Administration from Delhi proved unsustainable. As Tughlaq governors retreated, local chieftains asserted autonomy."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The evidence for Vijayanagara's foundation is epigraphic and literary. Inscriptions record the establishment of a new city, ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Vijayanagara / Hampi" }), " on the southern bank of the ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Tungabhadra" }), ", in ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1336" }), " by ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Brothers and founders of Vijayanagara belonging to Sangama dynasty", children: "Harihara and Bukka" }), " of the ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Founding dynasty of Vijayanagara (1336-1485)", children: "Sangama dynasty" }), ". Portuguese traveller ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Portuguese eyewitness at Vijayanagara court under Krishnadevaraya", children: "Domingo Paes" }), " later described its bazaars and fortifications. The tradition that sage ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Scholar-saint traditionally linked to founding ideology of Vijayanagara", children: "Vidyaranya" }), " blessed the foundation is ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "interpretive" }), " — it reflects later legitimation narratives, not a documented charter. What is ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "established" }), " is the political vacuum after the Tughlaq withdrawal and the new state's ability to mobilize Kannada and Telugu warrior lineages."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The dynastic sequence matters for chronology. ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "Sangama" }), " (", _jsx(Time, { children: "1336-1485" }), ") → ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "Saluva" }), " (", _jsx(Time, { children: "1485-1505" }), ") → ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "Tuluva" }), " (", _jsx(Time, { children: "1505-1570" }), ") → ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "Aravidu" }), " (", _jsx(Time, { children: "1570-1646" }), "). The Tuluva phase produced the empire's structural peak."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Under ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Greatest ruler of Vijayanagara, Tuluva dynasty, reign 1509-1529", children: "Krishnadevaraya" }), " (", _jsx(Time, { children: "1509-1529" }), "), Vijayanagara combined agrarian revenue, fortified trade, and Deccan military competition:"] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Territorial Consolidation]:" }), " Campaigns in the Raichur Doab culminated in the ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1520" }), " victory over ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Sultan of Bijapur, founder of Adil Shahi dynasty", children: "Yusuf Adil Shah's successor" }), " forces at Raichur. Sources attribute the death of Yusuf himself to an earlier ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1509-1510" }), " clash. The victory allowed annexation of the Doab and the title ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "pink", children: "\"establisher of the Yavana kingdom\"" }), " after restoring the Bahmani puppet Mahmud Shah."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Political Agency]:" }), " Administration relied on capable commanders such as ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Chief minister and general under Krishnadevaraya", children: "Timmarusu" }), ", who checked the rising power of ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Founder of Golconda Qutb Shahi dynasty", children: "Quli Qutb Shah" }), " in the eastern Deccan. Limits existed as well — the ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1513" }), " reverse at Pangal against the Qutb Shahis shows the frontier was contested, not unchallenged."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Cultural Program]:" }), " Krishnadevaraya authored ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Telugu poetic work on Andal by Krishnadevaraya", children: _jsx(Hl, { color: "pink", children: "Amuktamalyada" }) }), " in Telugu and patronized the ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Eight celebrated Telugu poets at Krishnadevaraya's court", children: "Ashtadiggajas" }), ", including Allasani Peddana. This was not mere patronage. It signalled Telugu-Kannada cultural assertion as a source of legitimacy alongside Dharmic kingship."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "This militarized, revenue-based empire using literary legitimation therefore leads directly to its mirror adversary. Vijayanagara defined itself against, and was defined by, the Bahmani sultanate that held the lands immediately north of the Krishna." }), _jsxs(PinnedFlowBoard, { title: "Vijayanagara Evolution — 1336 to 1646", children: [_jsx(FlowCard, { period: "1336–1485", title: "Sangama Foundation", icon: "🏛️", accent: "blue", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Harihara-Bukka found Hampi on Tungabhadra. Early expansion under Harihara II and Deva Raya II. Contested Tungabhadra frontier with Bahmanis established." }) }), _jsx(FlowCard, { period: "1485–1505", title: "Saluva Interlude", icon: "⚔️", accent: "amber", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Brief usurper dynasty after Sangama decline. Transitional militarization, paves way for Tuluva commanders to seize power." }) }), _jsx(FlowCard, { period: "1505–1529", title: "Tuluva Apex — Krishnadevaraya", icon: "👑", accent: "emerald", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Peak of territory, revenue, and literature. Raichur 1520, Amuktamalyada, Paes account, Vitthala-Virupaksha construction phase." }) }), _jsx(FlowCard, { period: "1570–1646", title: "Aravidu After Talikota", icon: "⏳", accent: "rose", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Rama Raya defeated 1565. Capital shifts to Penukonda then Chandragiri. Continued but reduced polity until 1646." }) })] }), _jsx(Callout, { type: "note", title: "Evidence vs Interpretation", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "📌 Vidyaranya's role and the exact details of early campaigns are scholarly interpretations based on late traditions. The founding date 1336, Tungabhadra location, Tuluva chronology, and Paes eyewitness account are established primary evidence." }) }), _jsx(Callout, { type: "remember", title: "Exam Anchor", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "💡 Do not conflate founders and apex: Harihara-Bukka founded in 1336 (Sangama), Krishnadevaraya ruled 1509-1529 (Tuluva). The other 1336/1347 pair — Bahmani in 1347 — is a frequent distractor." }) }), _jsxs(_components.blockquote, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🗺️ Bahmani Kingdom — Deccan Breakaway and Its Internal Contradiction" }), "\n"] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The Bahmani emergence answers a structural question. How does a failed imperial experiment produce a new sultanate? Muhammad bin Tughlaq's transfer of the capital to ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Daulatabad" }), " and forced Deccan settlement collapsed under distance and revolt. Deccani amirs besieged at Daulatabad turned that failure into independence."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The founding evidence is precise. On ", _jsx(Time, { children: "3 August 1347" }), ", ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Founder of Bahmani kingdom, also called Hasan Gangu or Zafar Khan", children: "Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah" }), " (Hasan Gangu / Zafar Khan) was crowned at ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Gulbarga" }), ", renamed ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Hasanabad" }), " on his coins. The ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Sufi order linked to Bahmani legitimation claims", children: "Chishti" }), " narrative of receiving a robe from a saint is ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "interpretive legitimacy" }), ", layered over the ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "established" }), " fact of a successful amir revolt. The new sultanate proclaimed itself ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Abode of Islam — claim to Islamic legal legitimacy", children: "Dar-ul-Islam" }), " under Persianate titles, marking a deliberate break from Delhi."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Capitals and institutions chart its arc:" }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Capital Shift]:" }), " The early capital was Gulbarga. In ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1429" }), ", under ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Bahmani sultan who moved capital to Bidar", children: "Ahmad Shah Wali" }), ", the capital moved to ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Bidar" }), ", better placed for northern and eastern campaigns. The Bidar Fort, Gulbarga Fort, and ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Haft Gumbaz" }), " tombs belong to these two phases."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Taraf Administration]:" }), " The kingdom was divided into ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Province in Bahmani administration under a tarafdar", children: "tarafs" }), ". Originally four, they were reorganized into eight under the regent-statesman ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Persian-born Bahmani wazir and reformer, built Madrasa at Bidar", children: "Mahmud Gawan" }), " (", _jsx(Time, { children: "1463-1481" }), "). Each ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Governor of a taraf province", children: "tarafdar" }), " commanded revenue and troops, balancing central control with provincial power."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Gawan's Statecraft]:" }), " Gawan built the celebrated ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Madrasa at Bidar" }), " with Persian tilework, reformed revenue, and checked powerful tarafdars. His execution in ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1481/1482" }), " after a fabricated treason letter — allegedly about correspondence with the Gajapatis of Orissa — exposes the regime's central weakness."] }), "\n"] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["That weakness was cultural and structural. The elite split between ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Deccan-born Muslims speaking Dakhni, largely Sunni", children: "Dakhani" }), " and ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Foreign newcomers from Persia/Central Asia, often Persian-speaking and Shia-leaning", children: "Afaqi" }), " factions. Dakhani networks rooted in the Deccan resented Afaqi advancement in court and army. Gawan, an Afaqi Persian, became the focal point of that rivalry. His death removed the last effective centralizer."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "The Bahmani model — taraf decentralization plus Persianate legitimacy — enabled rapid expansion but institutionalized the factionalism that would fracture the sultanate into successors. That fracture is the bridge to the Deccan sultanates and to the century of Vijayanagara-Bahmani wars." }), _jsx(MermaidDiagram, { title: "Bahmani Trajectory — From Revolt to Fragmentation", badge: "HISTORY", children: _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-mermaid", children: "flowchart LR\n A[\"Daulatabad Policy Fails
Tughlaq Retreat\"] --> B[\"1347 Revolt at Daulatabad
Hasan Gangu crowned at Gulbarga\"]\n B --> C[\"Gulbarga Phase
Consolidation & Jama Masjid\"]\n C --> D[\"1429 Shift to Bidar
Ahmad Shah Wali\"]\n D --> E[\"Mahmud Gawan Regency
1463-1481
4 to 8 Tarafs + Madrasa\"]\n E --> F[\"1481 Execution
Dakhani-Afaqi Rivalry\"]\n F --> G[\"Puppet Sultans under Barids
1490 Tarafdar Assertions\"]\n G --> H[\"1518 Formal Breakup
Five Sultanates\"]\n" }) }) }), _jsx(Callout, { type: "warning", title: "Common Confusion", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "⚠️ Hasan Gangu (Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah, founder 1347) is not Mahmud Gawan (wazir, died 1481). Gulbarga was the early capital; Bidar became capital after 1429. The taraf count changed from 4 to 8 under Gawan." }) }), _jsxs(_components.blockquote, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "⚔️ Battle of Talikota — 23 January 1565" }), "\n"] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["By the 1550s, Vijayanagara under the ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Last great dynasty of Vijayanagara, ruled through regent Rama Raya", children: "Aravidu" }), " regent ", _jsx(Term, { def: "De facto ruler of Vijayanagara in 1565, killed at Talikota", children: "Rama Raya" }), " was the most interventionist power in the Deccan. Rama Raya repeatedly played Deccan sultanates against each other — supporting one against another, extracting tribute, and asserting dominance over the Krishna basin. That strategy created encirclement."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The battle evidence converges on one day and one logic. On ", _jsx(Time, { children: "23 January 1565" }), ", at the plain called ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Talikota / Rakshasa-Tangadi / Bannihatti" }), " on the Krishna, a coalition met Vijayanagara. The alignment was precise and is frequently misremembered:"] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Coalition]:" }), " ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "pink", children: "Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Golconda, and Bidar" }), " fought together. ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "orange", children: "Berar did not join" }), " — its non-participation is ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "established" }), ". The idea of \"all five united\" is incorrect."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Decisive Moment]:" }), " Initial Vijayanagara advantage collapsed when Rama Raya was captured and executed. Command decapitation caused rapid disintegration, not a prolonged attritional defeat."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Precedent]:" }), " Earlier calls for joint action, including a 1501 declaration of annual jihad by Deccan amirs, had proven financially ruinous and temporary. 1565 succeeded because Rama Raya's dominance gave all four sultanates a simultaneous interest."] }), "\n"] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The aftermath requires separation of fact from chronicle exaggeration. Vijayanagara city — ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Hampi" }), " — was sacked after the battle. Foreign and court chronicles describe total destruction. Archaeology shows ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "selective but severe" }), " damage to palatial and temple complexes, alongside continued habitation — so the extent of urban annihilation remains ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "contested" }), ". Politically, the consequence is clear: the Aravidu court abandoned Hampi, shifting first to ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Penukonda" }), " and later to ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Chandragiri" }), ". The empire did not end in 1565; Aravidu rulers continued until ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1646" }), ". What ended was Hampi-centered dominance."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Talikota thus did not produce a unified Deccan. It produced multipolar anarchy. The sultanates, unable to hold Vijayanagara's former tributaries durably, soon resumed rivalry, leaving a vacuum that the Mughals would later exploit." }), _jsx(MermaidDiagram, { title: "Talikota — Cause to Consequence Chain", badge: "HISTORY", children: _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-mermaid", children: "flowchart LR\n A[\"Rama Raya Dominance
Intervention in Sultanate Feuds\"] --> B[\"Deccan Encirclement
Bijapur-Ahmadnagar-Golconda-Bidar\"]\n B --> C[\"23 Jan 1565
Rakshasa-Tangadi
Rama Raya Executed\"]\n C --> D[\"Sack of Hampi
Selective Destruction\"]\n D --> E[\"Capital Shift
Penukonda → Chandragiri\"]\n E --> F[\"Aravidu Continuance to 1646
Deccan Multipolarity\"]\n" }) }) }), _jsx(Callout, { type: "remember", title: "Exam Anchor", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "💡 Triad to lock: Year 1565 (not 1556 or 1576), coalition of four — Berar absent, and consequence = displacement to Penukonda, not instant extinction. Rama Raya (1565) is not Krishnadevaraya (died 1529)." }) }), _jsxs(_components.blockquote, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🏛️ Art and Administration — Two Logics of Authority in Stone and Revenue" }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Architecture in this frontier was not decoration. It was political signaling built in locally available materials with imported idioms." }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Vijayanagara Art and Governance:" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Vijayanagara architecture is a ", _jsx(Term, { def: "South Indian temple style with pyramidal gopurams, mandapas, and walled enclosures", children: "Dravida" }), " synthesis adapted for imperial scale at Hampi."] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Temple Program]:" }), " The ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Virupaksha Temple" }), ", ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Vitthala Temple" }), " with its stone chariot and musical pillars, extensive ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Monumental gateway tower of Dravida temples", children: "gopurams" }), " and ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Pillared hall in temple complex", children: "mandapas" }), ", and Hazara Rama narrative panels display continuity with Tamil-Chalukya forms expanded into a royal urban ensemble with bazaar streets."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Nayankara System]:" }), " Military governance operated through ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Military land assignment to nayakas who maintained troops and remitted tribute", children: _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "nayankara / amara" }) }), " — assignment of revenue-yielding lands to ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Military governor and revenue holder in Vijayanagara system", children: "nayakas / amaraka" }), " who maintained troops. This is distinct from the Delhi ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Land revenue grant under Delhi Sultanate", children: _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "iqta" }) }), " and the later Mughal ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "mansabdari" }), " system."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Village Base]:" }), " The ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Village functionaries holding hereditary service lands in Deccan", children: "ayagar" }), " system organized village functionaries with service holdings, anchoring revenue collection below the nayaka."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Bahmani and Deccan Sultanate Art and Governance:" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Bahmani architecture imported a ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Islamic architectural idiom of arches, domes, tilework and calligraphy with Persian derivation", children: "Persianate Indo-Islamic" }), " idiom to assert ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "pink", children: "Dar-ul-Islam" }), " legitimacy while creolizing with Deccan basalt."] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Monuments]:" }), " The ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Gulbarga Jama Masjid" }), " is notable for lacking minarets and for covered arches; the ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Haft Gumbaz" }), " tombs, ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Bidar Fort" }), ", and ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Mahmud Gawan Madrasa" }), " (glazed tile, arches, calligraphy) show Persianate central planning. The ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Chand Minar at Daulatabad" }), " (", _jsx(Time, { children: "1445" }), ") commemorates Bahmani victory over Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara and should not be confused with Delhi's Qutb Minar. A Sasanian winged-crescent motif at Gulbarga illustrates direct Persian reference."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Taraf Administration]:" }), " Four original tarafs became eight under Gawan, each under a ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "tarafdar" }), " with wazir oversight and reliance on military slavery and converted captives. Dakhni emerged as lingua franca alongside Persian at court."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(TableCard, { title: "Art and Administration — Vijayanagara vs Bahmani", variant: "comparison", children: _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Dimension" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Vijayanagara (Hampi)" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Bahmani (Gulbarga-Bidar)" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Architectural Idiom" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Dravida synthesis: pyramidal gopurams, mandapas, stone chariot, granite" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Persianate Indo-Islamic: arches, domes, tile, calligraphy, basalt" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Signature Monuments" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Virupaksha, Vitthala, Hazara Rama, Hampi bazaars" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Gulbarga Jama Masjid, Bidar Fort, Gawan Madrasa, Haft Gumbaz, Chand Minar (Daulatabad 1445)" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Legitimation Signal" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Hindu-Dharmic kingship, temple urbanism" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Dar-ul-Islam, Persian titles, Sufi association" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Core Admin Unit" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "nayankara / amara — nayaka holds land for troops" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "taraf — tarafdar governs province" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Village / Local Base" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "ayagar system of hereditary functionaries" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "tarafdar agents + military slaves/converted elites, wazir at centre" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Language" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu (Amuktamalyada)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Persian at court, Dakhni as vernacular" })] })] })] }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "The table makes the takeaway visible. Vijayanagara expresses continuity and scale within the Dravida tradition. The Bahmani program imports Persian form to mark difference. Both adapted to the same Deccan geology, yet produced immediately distinguishable skylines." }), _jsx(Callout, { type: "warning", title: "Attribution Trap", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "⚠️ Hampi / Vitthala / Virupaksha = Vijayanagara. Gawan Madrasa / Gulbarga Jama Masjid = Bahmani. Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur) and Charminar (Hyderabad 1591) = successor Deccan Sultanates, not Bahmani or Vijayanagara. nayankara ≠ taraf, ayagar ≠ tarafdar." }) }), _jsxs(_components.blockquote, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📜 Deccan Sultanates — Five Successors, Unequal Durability" }), "\n"] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The Bahmani collapse was not a single event but a decentralization sequence. After Gawan's death in ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1481/1482" }), ", puppet sultans ruled under the ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Powerful dynasty controlling Bidar and the Bahmani court after 1492", children: "Barid" }), " family. Tarafdars asserted independence from ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1490" }), " onward, with formal dissolution dated to ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1518" }), "."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Five states emerged, but the label \"five\" masks asymmetry:" }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Three Durable Poles]:" }), " ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Ahmadnagar — Nizam Shahi" }), " under ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Founder of Ahmadnagar Sultanate", children: _jsx(Hl, { color: "pink", children: "Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I" }) }), "; ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Bijapur — Adil Shahi" }), " under ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Founder of Bijapur Sultanate", children: "Yusuf Adil Shah" }), "; ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Golconda — Qutb Shahi" }), " under ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Founder of Golconda Sultanate, formally 1518", children: "Quli Qutb Shah" }), " (later builders of Charminar and Hyderabad in ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1591" }), ", centre of diamond trade)."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Two Buffer Sultanates]:" }), " ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Berar — Imad Shahi" }), " under Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk and ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Bidar — Barid Shahi" }), " under Qasim Barid. Their strategic weight was limited."] }), "\n"] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Distinct trajectories confirm that asymmetry. Bijapur produced the massive ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Gol Gumbaz" }), " under the Adil Shahis. Golconda linked Golconda Fort to the new city of Hyderabad. Ahmadnagar later produced Malik Ambar's resistance to the Mughals. The buffers were absorbed early — Berar by Ahmadnagar in ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1574" }), " and Bidar by Bijapur in ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1619" }), ". This absorption pattern is why Talikota's coalition could include Bidar but relied structurally on the three durable poles."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "The collective significance is institutional, not merely enumerative. The five sultanates preserved the Bahmani Persianate administrative vocabulary — tarafdar lineages, Dakhni-Persian bilingualism, fort-madrasa architecture — while creating a competitive state system that prevented Deccan unity and framed Vijayanagara's encirclement." }), _jsx(TableCard, { title: "Five Deccan Sultanates — Founders and Capitals (ca. 1490–1518)", variant: "specs", children: _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Sultanate" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Dynasty" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Capital" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Founder" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Later Fate" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Ahmadnagar" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Nizam Shahi" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Ahmadnagar" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I (1490)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Annexed by Mughals 1636" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Bijapur" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Adil Shahi" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Bijapur" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Yusuf Adil Shah (1490)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Durable pole; Gol Gumbaz; annexed 1686" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Golconda" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Qutb Shahi" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Golconda / Hyderabad" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Quli Qutb Shah (1518 formal)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Charminar 1591; annexed 1687" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Berar" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Imad Shahi" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Ellichpur" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk (1490)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Absorbed by Ahmadnagar 1574" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Bidar" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Barid Shahi" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Bidar" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Qasim Barid / Amir Barid (1492/1518)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Absorbed by Bijapur 1619" })] })] })] }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "The map of the Deccan after 1520 is therefore not five equal blocks but three expanding cores with two buffers between them and Vijayanagara pressing from the south of the Krishna." }), _jsx(Callout, { type: "note", title: "Debate — Independence Dates", children: _jsx(_components.p, { children: "📌 Chroniclers give 1490 as the assertion of independence by Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Berar, with Golconda and Bidar fully sovereign by 1518. The debate is about formal recognition versus de facto control — coins and Friday sermons (khutba) shift gradually, not on a single day." }) })] })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Practical, { children: [_jsx(Summary, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Vijayanagara Empire (Krishnadevaraya)]:" }), " Founded ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1336" }), " by ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Harihara and Bukka of Sangama dynasty", children: "Harihara-Bukka" }), " at ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Hampi/Vijayanagara" }), " on Tungabhadra; apex under ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Tuluva ruler, Andhra Bhoja, author of Amuktamalyada", children: "Krishnadevaraya" }), " ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1509-1529" }), " — Raichur Doab conquest, ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "pink", children: "Ashtadiggajas" }), " and Domingo Paes account; post-", _jsx(Time, { children: "1565" }), " Aravidu continuity at Penukonda till ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1646" }), "."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Bahmani Kingdom]:" }), " Founded ", _jsx(Time, { children: "3 Aug 1347" }), " by ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Hasan Gangu, Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah", children: "Hasan Gangu" }), " at ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Gulbarga/Hasanabad" }), " after Tughlaq revolt → capital to ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Bidar" }), " in ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1429" }), " by Ahmad Shah Wali; ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Persian wazir who reformed administration and built madrasa", children: "Mahmud Gawan" }), " expanded ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Provinces of Bahmani kingdom", children: "tarafs" }), " from 4 to 8 + built Madrasa; Dakhani-Afaqi rift → execution ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1481" }), " → fragmentation ", _jsx(Time, { children: "1490/1518" }), "."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Battle of Talikota]:" }), " ", _jsx(Time, { children: "23 Jan 1565" }), " at ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Talikota/Bannihatti" }), " — 4-sultanate coalition ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "orange", children: "Bijapur + Ahmadnagar + Golconda + Bidar" }), " (Berar absent) vs Vijayanagara under ", _jsx(Term, { def: "De facto ruler of Vijayanagara, not king", children: "Rama Raya" }), "; Rama Raya captured and executed, Hampi sacked selectively, capital shifted to Penukonda — political displacement, not instant extinction."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Art & Administration]:" }), " Vijayanagara = ", _jsx(Term, { def: "South Indian temple style with towering gateway", children: "Dravida" }), " — ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "rayagopuram, mandapa, Vitthala chariot, Virupaksha" }), " + ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Military land assignment system", children: "nayankara" }), "/", _jsx(Term, { def: "Village functionary system with 12 ayagars", children: "ayagar" }), "; Bahmani/Deccan = ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "purple", children: "Persianate arch-dome-tile, Gulbarga Jama Masjid, Gawan Madrasa, Chand Minar" }), " + ", _jsx(Term, { def: "Provincial governor under Bahmanis", children: "tarafdar" }), "/wazir centralism — monuments signal legitimation idiom."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Deccan Sultanates]:" }), " 5 successors of Bahmanis — ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Ahmadnagar" }), " (Malik Ahmad Nizam Shahi), ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Bijapur" }), " (Yusuf Adil Shah), ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Golconda" }), " (Quli Qutb Shah), ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Berar" }), " (Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk), ", _jsx(Hl, { color: "blue", children: "Bidar" }), " (Qasim Barid); 3 durable Deccan powers + 2 buffers; rivalry yet joint action at Talikota, later absorbed by Mughals (", _jsx(Time, { children: "1686-87" }), " Bijapur/Golconda)."] }), "\n"] }) }), _jsxs(ImportantQA, { children: [_jsxs(QAQuestion, { marks: 2, children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Distinguish the foundation of Vijayanagara from the reign of Krishnadevaraya." }), _jsx(Answer, { children: _jsxs(English, { children: ["- ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Foundation — 1336, Sangama]:" }), " Founded by brothers Harihara and Bukka in 1336 at Vijayanagara/Hampi; first dynasty Sangama, claimed as Hindu bulwark in Tungabhadra-Krishna Doab. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Apex — 1509-1529, Tuluva]:" }), " Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529) of Tuluva dynasty — defeated Yusuf Adil Shah, annexed Raichur Doab, authored Amuktamalyada, titled Andhra Bhoja / establisher of Yavana kingdom, praised by Portuguese traveller Domingo Paes. Not to be confused with Rama Raya (1565 regent at Talikota). 💡 Remember: 1336 Sangama foundation vs 1509-1529 Tuluva high noon. If question asks for founder, write Harihara-Bukka; if apex, write Krishnadevaraya + Amuktamalyada + Raichur."] }) })] }), _jsxs(QAQuestion, { marks: 2, children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Identify four definitive markers of the Bahmani state." }), _jsx(Answer, { children: _jsxs(English, { children: ["- ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Origin]:" }), " 1347, Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah (Hasan Gangu) at Gulbarga after revolt against Muhammad bin Tughlaq at Daulatabad. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Capital Shift]:" }), " Gulbarga → Bidar in 1429 under Ahmad Shah Wali — Bidar Fort and Persianate court culture. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Reform]:" }), " Mahmud Gawan reorganized 4 tarafs into 8 for tighter control + built Madrasa at Bidar; executed 1481 after Dakhani-Afaqi factional plot. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Breakup]:" }), " Factionalism (Dakhani vs Afaqi) led to fragmentation into 5 Deccan Sultanates asserted 1490, formalized 1518. 💡 Scoring anchor: 1347 Gulbarga → 1429 Bidar → Gawan 4→8 tarafs → 5-way split. Never write Bahmani capital as Bijapur or Golconda."] }) })] }), _jsxs(QAQuestion, { marks: 5, children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Analyse why Vijayanagara lost the Battle of Talikota (1565) and its consequences." }), _jsx(Answer, { children: _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Context:" }), " Vijayanagara under Rama Raya dominated Deccan by playing Sultanates against each other; overreach triggered unprecedented coalition. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Causes — Political Encirclement]:" }), " Rama Raya's constant interference in Deccan Sultanate rivalries (e.g., support to one against another) alienated all. Sultanates, despite mutual rivalry, formed Deccan coalition of 4 — Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Golconda, Bidar; Berar stayed out. Vijayanagara lacked matching Deccan Muslim cavalry and artillery coordination. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Causes — Leadership & Diplomacy Failure]:" }), " Reliance on single figure Rama Raya aged ~70s; overconfidence after earlier victories vs Adil Shahis. Failed to prevent alliance that Ferishta describes as union for annual jihad precedent of 1501. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Event — 23 Jan 1565]:" }), " At Talikota/Bannihatti, Rama Raya was captured and executed mid-battle, causing abrupt collapse of Vijayanagara ranks; Sultanate artillery and coordinated cavalry decided the day — defeat was leadership decapitation, not just tactical. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Consequences — Nuanced]:" }), " Hampi was occupied and looted but not permanently held; capital shifted to Penukonda then Chandragiri/Vellore under Aravidu dynasty. Empire continued as reduced Tamil-Telugu polity till 1646 but lost Krishna-Tungabhadra control, allowing Deccan Sultanates free hand and later Mughal advance. ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Takeaway:" }), " Talikota was a political coalition victory more than pure military superiority — it displaced Vijayanagara power southward without erasing it, ending its role as Deccan arbiter."] }) })] }), _jsxs(QAQuestion, { marks: 5, children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Compare Vijayanagara and Bahmani/Deccan Sultanates in art and administration." }), _jsx(Answer, { children: _jsxs(English, { children: ["Both were Deccan contemporaries but used opposite idioms of legitimation — Vijayanagara as dharmic Hindu kingship, Bahmanis as Dar-ul-Islam Persianate sultanate. | Dimension | Vijayanagara | Bahmani / Deccan Sultanates | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Art Idiom" }), " | Dravida — towering rayagopuram, 100-pillared mandapa, monolithic chariot at Vitthala, gopuram at Virupaksha; sculpture-rich granite | Persianate Indo-Islamic — arch, dome, glazed tile, calligraphy; Gulbarga Jama Masjid (no minarets), Gawan Madrasa Bidar, Chand Minar Daulatabad | | ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Material & Motif" }), " | Granite, mythological reliefs, gopuram as empire display | Basalt + tile, Sasanian wing-crescent at Gulbarga, Persian geometry | | ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Administration" }), " | Decentralized feudal — nayankara system (military land grants) + ayagar system (12 village functionaries); king + brahmin-sabha advisory | Centralizing — taraf under tarafdar (Gawan 4→8), wazir, dabir, kotwal; Afaqi vs Dakhani nobility checks | | ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Legitimation" }), " | Telugu-Sanskrit patronage, Amuktamalyada, Ashtadiggajas | Persian literature, Chishti Sufi robe-of-prophet, Dar-ul-Islam claim | - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Synthesis]:" }), " Vijayanagara projected power through temple expansion; Bahmanis through madrasa-mosque-fort complexes. Both were hybrids — Vijayanagara absorbed Islamic cavalry/wardrobe, Bahmanis employed Deccan Hindus — but core visual language remained opposite. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[Exam Trap]:" }), " Gol Gumbaz (whispering gallery) = Bijapur Adil Shahi, Charminar = Golconda Qutb Shahi, not Bahmani or Vijayanagara."] }) })] }), _jsxs(QAQuestion, { marks: 8, children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Trace the fragmentation of the Bahmani kingdom into the five Deccan Sultanates and assess their significance till the Battle of Talikota." }), _jsx(Answer, { children: _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Context:" }), " Bahmani kingdom (1347-1518) united the northern Deccan but collapsed under factional and succession pressures, creating multipolarity that defined Deccan politics till 1565. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[1. Mechanism of Fragmentation — 2M]:" }), " Core cause was Dakhani-Afaqi rift — language (Dakhni vs Persian), sect (Sunni vs Shia inclination) and office competition. Mahmud Gawan's rationalization (8 tarafs, audit of jagirs) threatened Dakhani nobles and was undone by his execution 1481 on forged letter. After weak puppet sultans at Bidar, governors asserted independence 1490 and Sultan Kalimullah's flight 1527 formalized dissolution by 1518. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[2. Five Sultanates Map — 3M]:" }), " 1. Ahmadnagar — Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I (1490), Nizam Shahi; strong in western Deccan, later annexed by Shah Jahan 1636. 2. Bijapur — Yusuf Adil Shah (1490), Adil Shahi; builders of Gol Gumbaz, most durable. 3. Golconda — Quli Qutb Shah (1518), Qutb Shahi; diamond mines, Charminar/Hyderabad. 4. Berar — Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk (1490), Imad Shahi; buffer, absorbed by Ahmadnagar 1574. 5. Bidar — Qasim Barid (1492/1518), Barid Shahi; titular Bahmani puppet, absorbed 1619 by Bijapur. Of these, Bijapur, Ahmadnagar and Golconda remained major powers; Berar and Bidar were buffers. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[3. Role at Talikota — 2M]:" }), " Chronic rivalry over Godavari basin and Tungabhadra Doab prevented stable unity, yet shared fear of Rama Raya's hegemony enabled rare 4-member coalition at Talikota. Berar's abstention shows limits of unity. Victory was coalition's only joint success — afterward they resumed internecine wars. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "[4. Significance & Evaluation — 1M]:" }), " Fragmentation sustained Deccan cultural fluorescence — Persianate courts, Dakhni literature, and Deccani miniature synthesis — while blocking both Vijayanagara northern expansion and early Mughal entry. Multipolarity preserved Deccan autonomy till Mughals exploited divisions after 1630s. Talikota removed Vijayanagara as balancer, leaving Sultanates to consume each other, easing eventual Mughal conquest. ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Synthesis:" }), " Bahmani breakup created a competitive Deccan system; productive culturally but politically self-cancelling — united only fleetingly to humble Vijayanagara, then relapsed into rivalry that sealed Deccan's later vulnerability."] }) })] })] })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Assessment, { topicId: "2.4", children: [_jsx(MCQ, { questions: [{ "id": "f960137a-5770-4c12-872a-39165ae159d0", "q": "Q1. Which statement correctly identifies the foundation of the Vijayanagara Empire?", "options": ["A) Founded in 1347 by Hasan Gangu of the Sangama dynasty", "B) Founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty", "C) Founded in 1336 by Krishnadevaraya of the Saluva dynasty", "D) Founded in 1320 by Harihara of the Saluva dynasty"], "answer": 1, "hint": "Recall 1336 vs 1347: one is Vijayanagara, the other is Bahmani. Founder is not the empire's greatest ruler.", "explanation": "Option 'B' is correct because Vijayanagara was founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty. Option 'A' wrongly uses 1347 (Bahmani foundation) and wrong founder, Option 'C' wrongly credits Krishnadevaraya (Tuluva ruler, 1509-1529) as founder and Saluva dynasty, Option 'D' wrong dynasty and date." }, { "id": "87a9cf76-f2ef-4f49-9c9e-09bdca6e2488", "q": "Q2. Who was the founder of the Bahmani Kingdom and where was its first capital?", "options": ["A) Mahmud Gawan at Bidar in 1347", "B) Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah (Hasan Gangu) at Gulbarga in 1347", "C) Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah at Bidar in 1347", "D) Hasan Gangu at Daulatabad in 1336"], "answer": 1, "hint": "First capital was not Bidar; Bidar became capital only in 1429. Founder was not a 15th-century wazir.", "explanation": "Option 'B' is correct because the Bahmani Kingdom was founded on 3 Aug 1347 by Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah (Hasan Gangu / Zafar Khan) with first capital at Gulbarga (Hasanabad). Option 'A' wrongly names Mahmud Gawan (wazir, executed 1481-82), Option 'C' wrongly gives Bidar as first capital, Option 'D' confuses 1336 (Vijayanagara) and Daulatabad (Tughlaq revolt centre)." }, { "id": "f8177056-2995-4fa9-bc10-c527f1dfe23f", "q": "Q3. The Battle of Talikota was fought in which year and region?", "options": ["A) 1556 near Panipat", "B) 1576 near Haldighati", "C) 1565 near Talikota / Bannihatti in the Deccan", "D) 1565 near Kanpur"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Eliminate 1556 (Second Panipat / Akbar's coronation) and 1576 (Haldighati); battle was in the Deccan, not Panipat.", "explanation": "Option 'C' is correct because the Battle of Talikota (also called Bannihatti) was fought in 1565 near Talikota on the Krishna river plain. Option 'A' is 1556, Option 'B' is 1576, Option 'D' wrongly places it at Panipat/Kanpur in North India." }, { "id": "4cdedbd8-d1ff-4ef5-9d76-cffcc15ac2fe", "q": "Q4. Which monument attribution is correct?", "options": ["A) Vitthala Temple - Bahmani Kingdom", "B) Gol Gumbaz - Vijayanagara Empire", "C) Madrasa of Mahmud Gawan - Bidar (Bahmani Kingdom)", "D) Jama Masjid, Gulbarga - Vijayanagara Empire"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Vitthala Temple is Dravidian, Gawan's Madrasa is Persianate at Bidar, Gol Gumbaz is a Deccan Sultanate dome at Bijapur.", "explanation": "Option 'C' is correct because the Madrasa of Mahmud Gawan is at Bidar (Bahmani), correctly attributed. Option 'A' wrongly attributes Vitthala Temple (Vijayanagara, Hampi) to Bahmani, Option 'B' wrongly places Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur Sultanate, 17th century) in Vijayanagara, Option 'D' wrongly attributes Gulbarga's Jama Masjid to Vijayanagara." }, { "id": "91bad248-8721-4970-a5b6-939f5cb1219b", "q": "Q5. Which founder-capital pair among the Deccan Sultanates is correctly matched?", "options": ["A) Yusuf Adil Shah - Golconda", "B) Quli Qutb Shah - Bijapur", "C) Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I - Ahmadnagar", "D) Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk - Bidar"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Bijapur goes with Adil Shah, Golconda with Qutb Shah - do not swap them. Ahmadnagar founder was Malik Ahmad.", "explanation": "Option 'C' is correct because Ahmadnagar was founded by Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I. Option 'A' wrongly pairs Yusuf Adil Shah (founder of Bijapur) with Golconda, Option 'B' wrongly pairs Quli Qutb Shah (founder of Golconda) with Bijapur, Option 'D' wrongly pairs Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk (founder of Berar) with Bidar (Barid Shahi)." }, { "id": "d8d91206-275d-4854-9bd4-9dcaef92affd", "q": "Q6. Which literary-cultural attribution related to Krishnadevaraya is correct?", "options": ["A) Amuktamalyada was written by Rama Raya", "B) The Ashtadiggajas adorned the Bahmani court at Bidar", "C) Amuktamalyada was written by Krishnadevaraya and the Ashtadiggajas were at his Vijayanagara court", "D) Krishnadevaraya patronized Dakhni literature as court language"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Amuktamalyada is Telugu, written by the king himself; Ashtadiggajas belong to Krishnadevaraya's court, not Bahmani.", "explanation": "Option 'C' is correct because Amuktamalyada (Telugu) was authored by Krishnadevaraya and the Ashtadiggajas were the eight poets at his Vijayanagara court. Option 'A' wrongly credits Rama Raya (regent defeated at Talikota), Option 'B' wrongly places Ashtadiggajas at the Bahmani court, Option 'D' wrongly assigns Dakhni authorship to Krishnadevaraya." }, { "id": "225a5cd9-847b-4011-8c6d-5c7b73af8472", "q": "Q7. Which statement about Mahmud Gawan's reforms and fate is correct?", "options": ["A) He retained the 4 tarafs unchanged and was honoured till natural death", "B) He built his madrasa at Gulbarga and was executed by Krishnadevaraya", "C) He divided the 4 tarafs into 8, built his madrasa at Bidar, and was executed in 1481-82 after a forged treason letter due to Dakhani-Afaqi rivalry", "D) He was executed for conspiring with Yusuf Adil Shah against Ahmad Shah Wali"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Gawan increased provincial divisions from 4 to 8, built his madrasa at Bidar, and fell victim to Dakhani-Afaqi rivalry, not to a Vijayanagara king.", "explanation": "Option 'C' is correct because Mahmud Gawan reformed the 4 tarafs into 8, built the famous madrasa at Bidar, and was executed in 1481-82 after Dakhani nobles forged a treasonous letter concerning his Orissa campaign. Option 'A' denies the reform, Option 'B' wrongly places the madrasa at Gulbarga, Option 'D' wrongly names Krishnadevaraya as his executioner." }, { "id": "4dc5d70b-ca9f-4b1e-a043-c67e9cdb9541", "q": "Q8. What was the correct composition of the coalition at the Battle of Talikota (1565)?", "options": ["A) All five Deccan Sultanates united against Vijayanagara", "B) Four Sultanates - Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bidar - against Vijayanagara under Rama Raya", "C) Bijapur, Golconda and the Mughals against Vijayanagara", "D) Ahmadnagar, Berar and Golconda against Vijayanagara, with Bidar supporting Vijayanagara"], "answer": 1, "hint": "Berar stayed out; only four sultanates formed the active coalition against Rama Raya. Mughals were not involved in 1565.", "explanation": "Option 'B' is correct because the Talikota coalition comprised four sultanates - Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bidar - against Vijayanagara under Rama Raya; Berar did not join. Option 'A' wrongly includes Berar as active, Option 'C' wrongly includes Mughals, Option 'D' wrongly excludes Bidar." }, { "id": "d9a7e770-20f1-4333-a92d-3bba38671ff8", "q": "Q9. Which distinction of administrative terms of Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis is correct?", "options": ["A) Nayankara was identical to Mughal mansabdari", "B) Ayagar was a Bahmani provincial governor under a tarafdar", "C) Taraf was the village-level ayagar system of Vijayanagara", "D) Nayankara - warrior land assignment under Vijayanagara; Ayagar - village functionary system; Taraf - Bahmani province"], "answer": 3, "hint": "Nayankara = Vijayanagara Nayakas, Ayagar = village functionaries, Taraf = Bahmani province; Mansabdari/Iqta are different systems.", "explanation": "Option 'D' is correct because nayankara was the Vijayanagara system of assigning land/revenue to military chiefs (Nayakas), ayagar was the hereditary village servant/officer system, and taraf was the Bahmani provincial division. Option 'A' falsely equates nayankara with Mughal mansabdari, Option 'B' equates ayagar with tarafdar, Option 'C' equates taraf with village head - all are mismatched systems." }, { "id": "b017e4e2-b994-4eab-9ca5-2af431dce8bf", "q": "Q10. Which statement correctly describes the aftermath and continuity after the Battle of Talikota?", "options": ["A) Vijayanagara Empire ended completely in 1565 and its territory was partitioned among the five sultanates", "B) The capital remained at Hampi and Rama Raya's lineage continued to rule from there", "C) The Aravidu dynasty under Tirumala continued Vijayanagara from Penukonda after 1565, while Berar was annexed by Ahmadnagar in 1574", "D) The Aravidu dynasty had founded Vijayanagara in 1336 and Berar was absorbed before Talikota"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Empire did not end in 1565; capital moved south under Aravidu Tirumala. Berar was annexed after Talikota, in 1574.", "explanation": "Option 'C' is correct because after the defeat and sack of Hampi in 1565, the Aravidu general Tirumala continued Vijayanagara from Penukonda (later Chandragiri) till 1646, and Berar was annexed by Ahmadnagar in 1574 (after Talikota). Option 'A' wrongly ends the empire in 1565, Option 'B' wrongly keeps capital at Hampi, Option 'D' wrongly says Aravidu founded the empire and Berar was absorbed before Talikota." }], topicId: "2.4" }), _jsx(ContentAttribution, { sourceTitle: "Curriculum Reference", sourceUrl: "https://learningway.in", professor: "Faculty Review Team", model: "Curriculum AI", seoTitle: "Sultanate Period — Vijayanagar & Other Kingdoms", seoDesc: "Master Sultanate Period — Vijayanagar & Other Kingdoms with comprehensive notes, real-world examples, and practice quiz on LearningWay.", seoKeywords: "sultanate period — vijayanagar & other kingdoms, sultanate period — vijayanagar & other kingdoms notes, sultanate period — vijayanagar & other kingdoms examples, diploma engineering notes, practice quiz, learningway" })] })] }); } function MDXContent(props = {}) { const {wrapper: MDXLayout} = { ..._provideComponents(), ...props.components }; return MDXLayout ? _jsx(MDXLayout, { ...props, children: _jsx(_createMdxContent, { ...props }) }) : _createMdxContent(props); } return { default: MDXContent }; function _missingMdxReference(id, component) { throw new Error("Expected " + (component ? 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