"use strict"; const {Fragment: _Fragment, jsx: _jsx, jsxs: _jsxs} = arguments[0]; const {useMDXComponents: _provideComponents} = arguments[0]; function _createMdxContent(props) { const _components = { code: "code", h3: "h3", h4: "h4", hr: "hr", li: "li", p: "p", path: "path", span: "span", strong: "strong", svg: "svg", table: "table", tbody: "tbody", td: "td", th: "th", thead: "thead", tr: "tr", ul: "ul", ..._provideComponents(), ...props.components }, {Callout, ComparisonTable, DefinitionEntry, DefinitionGroup, English, Explanation, FormulaBox, Hinglish, KeyPoints, MCQ, MCQQuestion, MindMap, Node, Option, Prompt, UnitSummary, Warning} = _components; if (!Callout) _missingMdxReference("Callout", true); if (!ComparisonTable) _missingMdxReference("ComparisonTable", true); if (!DefinitionEntry) _missingMdxReference("DefinitionEntry", true); if (!DefinitionGroup) _missingMdxReference("DefinitionGroup", true); if (!English) _missingMdxReference("English", true); if (!Explanation) _missingMdxReference("Explanation", true); if (!FormulaBox) _missingMdxReference("FormulaBox", true); if (!Hinglish) _missingMdxReference("Hinglish", true); if (!KeyPoints) _missingMdxReference("KeyPoints", true); if (!MCQ) _missingMdxReference("MCQ", true); if (!MCQQuestion) _missingMdxReference("MCQQuestion", true); if (!MindMap) _missingMdxReference("MindMap", true); if (!Node) _missingMdxReference("Node", true); if (!Option) _missingMdxReference("Option", true); if (!Prompt) _missingMdxReference("Prompt", true); if (!UnitSummary) _missingMdxReference("UnitSummary", true); if (!Warning) _missingMdxReference("Warning", true); return _jsxs(_Fragment, { children: [_jsx(UnitSummary, { unitNumber: 4, title: "Pointers and Polymorphism in C++", weightage: "12-15 Marks", overview: "This unit covers C++ pointers, object pointers, 'this' pointer, and the powerful concept of polymorphism — both compile-time (function/operator overloading) and run-time (virtual functions, pure virtual functions).", syllabus: ["4.1 Concept of Pointer: Declaration, Pointer Operator, Address Operator, Pointer Arithmetic", "4.2 Pointer to Object: Pointer to Object, 'this' Pointer, Pointer to Derived Class", "4.3 Introduction to Polymorphism, Types of Polymorphism", "4.4 Compile Time Polymorphism: Function Overloading, Constructor Overloading, Operator Overloading (Unary & Binary)", "4.5 Run Time Polymorphism: Virtual Function, Rules for Virtual Function, Pure Virtual Function"] }), "\n", _jsx(_components.hr, {}), "\n", _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📇 Revision Cards" }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.1 — Concept of Pointer" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Use ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " to declare/dereference and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " to get address. Pointer arithmetic advances by ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "sizeof(type)" }), " bytes."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "2 marks — Declare pointer + print address. 4 marks — Pointer arithmetic numerical." })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.2 — Pointer to Object" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["A pointer can point to an object. Use ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "->" }), " operator to access members via pointer. ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "this" }), " is an implicit pointer inside every member function."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "this" }), " pointer resolves name ambiguity (parameter vs member). Pointer to derived class can access base members."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["2 marks — Define ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "this" }), " pointer with example. 4 marks — Pointer to derived class code output."] })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.3 — Introduction to Polymorphism" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Polymorphism means \"many forms\" — same function name behaves differently based on context. Two types: Compile-time and Run-time." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Compile-time polymorphism resolves at compile time (overloading). Run-time polymorphism resolves at runtime (virtual functions)." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "2 marks — Define polymorphism + list types. 4 marks — Differentiate compile-time vs run-time." })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.4 — Compile Time Polymorphism" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Achieved via function overloading (same name, different parameters) and operator overloading (redefining operators for user-defined types)." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Overloading is resolved by compiler based on number/types of arguments. ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "friend" }), " operators are needed for stream operators (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "<<" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: ">>" }), ")."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["4 marks — Overload ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "+" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "<<" }), " operator with code. 2 marks — Rules for operator overloading."] })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.5 — Run Time Polymorphism" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Achieved via virtual functions. Base class pointer can call derived class function at runtime if function is declared ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), "."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Pure virtual function (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual void f() = 0" }), ") makes class abstract — cannot create objects."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "4 marks — Virtual function code with base/derived pointer. 2 marks — Define abstract class with pure virtual function." })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.hr, {}), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📝 Key Terms" })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📇 Revision Cards" }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.1 — Concept of Pointer" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Pointer ek aisa variable hai jo doosre variable ka memory address store karta hai." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " se declare/dereference karte hain aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " se address lete hain. Pointer arithmetic ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "sizeof(type)" }), " bytes se advance hota hai."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "2 marks — Pointer declare karke address print karo. 4 marks — Pointer arithmetic numerical." })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.2 — Pointer to Object" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Pointer object ko point kar sakta hai. ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "->" }), " operator se pointer ke through members access karte hain. ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "this" }), " har member function ka implicit pointer hota hai."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "this" }), " pointer name ambiguity resolve karta hai (parameter vs member). Derived class pointer base ke members access kar sakta hai."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["2 marks — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "this" }), " pointer define karo with example. 4 marks — Pointer to derived class ka code output."] })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.3 — Introduction to Polymorphism" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Polymorphism ka matlab hai \"many forms\" — same function name context ke according alag behave karta hai. Do types: Compile-time aur Run-time." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Compile-time polymorphism compile time par resolve hota hai (overloading). Run-time polymorphism runtime par resolve hota hai (virtual functions)." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "2 marks — Polymorphism define karo + types list karo. 4 marks — Compile-time vs run-time differentiate karo." })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.4 — Compile Time Polymorphism" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Function overloading (same name, different parameters) aur operator overloading (user-defined types ke liye operators redefine karna) se achieve hota hai." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Compiler arguments ke number/types ke basis par resolution karta hai. Stream operators (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "<<" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: ">>" }), ") ke liye ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "friend" }), " operator zaroori hai."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["4 marks — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "+" }), " ya ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "<<" }), " operator overload karo with code. 2 marks — Operator overloading ki rules."] })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 4.5 — Run Time Polymorphism" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Virtual functions se achieve hota hai. Base class pointer runtime par derived class function call kar sakta hai agar function ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " declare ho."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Pure virtual function (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual void f() = 0" }), ") class ko abstract banata hai — isme object nahi ban sakta."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "4 marks — Virtual function code with base/derived pointer. 2 marks — Abstract class define karo with pure virtual function." })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.hr, {}), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📝 Key Terms" })] }), "\n", _jsxs(DefinitionGroup, { children: [_jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Pointer", children: [_jsxs(English, { children: ["A variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Declared using ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " operator."] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: ["Ek aisa variable jo doosre variable ka memory address store karta hai. ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " operator se declare hota hai."] })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Dereferencing", children: [_jsxs(English, { children: ["Accessing the value at the address stored in a pointer using the ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " operator."] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: ["Pointer mein store kiye gaye address par value access karna ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " operator se."] })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "this Pointer", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "An implicit pointer available inside every non-static member function that points to the calling object." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Har non-static member function ke andar ek implicit pointer hota hai jo calling object ko point karta hai." })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Polymorphism", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "The ability of a function or operator to take multiple forms. Two types: compile-time and run-time." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Function ya operator ki multiple forms lene ki ability. Do types: compile-time aur run-time." })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Virtual Function", children: [_jsxs(English, { children: ["A member function declared with ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " keyword in base class that can be overridden in derived class. Enables run-time polymorphism."] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: ["Base class mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " keyword se declare ki gayi member function jo derived class mein override ho sakti hai. Run-time polymorphism enable karti hai."] })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Pure Virtual Function", children: [_jsxs(English, { children: ["A virtual function with no body, declared as ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual void func() = 0" }), ". Makes the class abstract."] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: ["Virtual function jiska koi body nahi hota, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual void func() = 0" }), " se declare hota hai. Class ko abstract banata hai."] })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Abstract Class", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "A class containing at least one pure virtual function. Cannot be instantiated directly." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Ek aisi class jisme kam se kam ek pure virtual function ho. Directly instantiate nahi ho sakti." })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Operator Overloading", children: [_jsxs(English, { children: ["Redefining the behavior of an operator for user-defined types using the ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "operator" }), " keyword."] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: ["User-defined types ke liye operator ka behavior ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "operator" }), " keyword se redefine karna."] })] })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Warning, { children: [_jsxs(English, { children: [_jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 1:" }), " Using ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " for both declaration and dereferencing without understanding the difference — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int *p" }), " (declaration) vs ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*p" }), " (dereference).\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Remember: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " during declaration means \"p is a pointer\", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " during usage means \"access value at address in p\"."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 2:" }), " Forgetting that virtual function must be declared in base class — writing ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " only in derived class does not enable polymorphism.\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Always declare ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " in the base class. Derived class overrides automatically even without ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " keyword."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 3:" }), " Assuming operator overloading can change operator precedence, arity, or create new operators.\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Operator overloading can only redefine existing operators for user-defined types. Precedence and arity remain unchanged."] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 1:" }), " Declaration aur dereferencing mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " ka difference samajhe bina use karna — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int *p" }), " (declaration) vs ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*p" }), " (dereference).\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Yaad rakhein: declaration mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " ka matlab \"p pointer hai\", usage mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*" }), " ka matlab \"p ke address par value access karo\"."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 2:" }), " Virtual function ko sirf derived class mein declare karna — base class mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " likhna bhool jaana.\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Hamesha base class mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " declare karein. Derived class mein automatically override hota hai bhi ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " keyword ke."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 3:" }), " Ye sochna ki operator overloading operator ki precedence, arity badal sakta hai ya naye operators bana sakta hai.\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Operator overloading sirf user-defined types ke liye existing operators ka behavior redefine kar sakta hai. Precedence aur arity same rahte hain."] })] })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Callout, { type: "INFO", title: "Prerequisite & Forward Links", children: [_jsx(English, { children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Before this unit, you learned:" }), " Classes, objects, inheritance, and basic C++ syntax from Units 1–3.\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "This unit is used in:" }), " Unit 5 (File operations use pointer concepts) and practical implementation of design patterns using polymorphism in real-world C++ projects."] }) }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Is unit se pehle aapne seekha:" }), " Classes, objects, inheritance, aur basic C++ syntax (Units 1–3 se).\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Ye unit kahan use hota hai:" }), " Unit 5 (File operations mein pointer concepts use hote hain) aur real-world C++ projects mein design patterns implement karne ke liye polymorphism zaroori hai."] }) })] }), "\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🗺️ Concept Map" }), "\n", _jsx(MindMap, { title: "Unit 4: Pointers and Polymorphism — Overview", children: _jsxs(Node, { text: "Pointers & Polymorphism", children: [_jsxs(Node, { text: "4.1 Pointers", children: [_jsx(Node, { text: "Declaration & Dereferencing" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Address Operator (&)" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Pointer Arithmetic" })] }), _jsxs(Node, { text: "4.2 Pointer to Object", children: [_jsx(Node, { text: "Arrow Operator (->)" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "this Pointer" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Pointer to Derived Class" })] }), _jsxs(Node, { text: "4.3 Polymorphism Intro", children: [_jsx(Node, { text: "Compile-Time Polymorphism" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Run-Time Polymorphism" })] }), _jsxs(Node, { text: "4.4 Compile-Time", children: [_jsx(Node, { text: "Function Overloading" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Constructor Overloading" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Operator Overloading" })] }), _jsxs(Node, { text: "4.5 Run-Time", children: [_jsx(Node, { text: "Virtual Functions" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Pure Virtual Function" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Abstract Class" })] })] }) }), "\n", _jsx(_components.hr, {}), "\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📊 Exam Pattern Quick Look" }), "\n", _jsx(ComparisonTable, { title: "Marks Distribution", children: _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { children: "Subtopic" }), _jsx(_components.th, { children: "Expected Marks" }), _jsx(_components.th, { children: "Question Type" }), _jsx(_components.th, { children: "Difficulty" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: "4.1 Pointers" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "2–4 marks" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Declare + Arithmetic numerical" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Easy ⭐" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: "4.2 Pointer to Object / this" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "2–4 marks" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Define ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "this" }), " + Code output"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Medium ⭐⭐" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: "4.3 Polymorphism Intro" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "2–4 marks" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Define + Differentiate types" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Easy ⭐" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: "4.4 Compile-Time Polymorphism" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "4–6 marks" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Operator overloading code (most asked!)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Medium ⭐⭐" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: "4.5 Run-Time Polymorphism" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "4–6 marks" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Virtual 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_jsxs(_components.span, { className: "katex-html", "aria-hidden": "true", children: [_jsxs(_components.span, { className: "base", children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "strut", style: { height: "0.7778em", verticalAlign: "-0.1944em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord mathnormal", children: "p" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mspace", style: { marginRight: "0.2222em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mbin", children: "−" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mspace", style: { marginRight: "0.2222em" } })] }), _jsxs(_components.span, { className: "base", children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "strut", style: { height: "0.6667em", verticalAlign: "-0.0833em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord", children: "−" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mspace", style: { marginRight: "0.2778em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mspace", style: { marginRight: "0.2778em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mrel", 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children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "mopen nulldelimiter" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mfrac", children: _jsxs(_components.span, { className: "vlist-t vlist-t2", children: [_jsxs(_components.span, { className: "vlist-r", children: [_jsxs(_components.span, { className: "vlist", style: { height: "1.427em" }, children: [_jsxs(_components.span, { style: { top: "-2.314em" }, children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "pstrut", style: { height: "3em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord", children: _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord text", children: _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord", children: "sizeof(type)" }) }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.span, { style: { top: "-3.23em" }, children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "pstrut", style: { height: "3em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "frac-line", style: { borderBottomWidth: "0.04em" } })] }), _jsxs(_components.span, { style: { top: "-3.677em" }, children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "pstrut", style: { height: "3em" } }), _jsxs(_components.span, { className: "mord", children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord text", children: _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord", children: "address" }) }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mopen", children: "(" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord mathnormal", children: "p" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord", children: "1" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mclose", children: ")" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mspace", style: { marginRight: "0.2222em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mbin", children: "−" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mspace", style: { marginRight: "0.2222em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord text", children: _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord", children: "address" }) }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mopen", children: "(" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord mathnormal", children: "p" }), 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"katex", children: _jsxs(_components.span, { className: "katex-html", "aria-hidden": "true", children: [_jsxs(_components.span, { className: "base", children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "strut", style: { height: "1.1191em", verticalAlign: "-0.011em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord text", children: _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord", children: "Base Pointer" }) }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mspace", style: { marginRight: "0.2778em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mrel x-arrow", children: _jsxs(_components.span, { className: "vlist-t vlist-t2", children: [_jsxs(_components.span, { className: "vlist-r", children: [_jsxs(_components.span, { className: "vlist", style: { height: "1.1081em" }, children: [_jsxs(_components.span, { style: { top: "-3.322em" }, children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "pstrut", style: { height: "2.7em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight x-arrow-pad", children: _jsxs(_components.span, { className: "mord mtight", children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord text mtight", children: _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord mtight", children: "vptr" }) }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mrel mtight", children: "→" }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord text mtight", children: _jsx(_components.span, { className: "mord mtight", children: "VTable" }) })] }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.span, { className: "svg-align", style: { top: "-2.689em" }, children: [_jsx(_components.span, { className: "pstrut", style: { height: "2.7em" } }), _jsx(_components.span, { className: "hide-tail", style: { height: "0.522em", minWidth: "1.469em" }, children: _jsx(_components.svg, { xmlns: "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", width: "400em", height: "0.522em", viewBox: "0 0 400000 522", preserveAspectRatio: "xMaxYMin slice", children: _jsx(_components.path, { d: "M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128\n-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 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children: "Derived::function()" }) })] })] }) }) })] }), _jsx(KeyPoints, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Pointer Declaration:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int *p;" }), " — p is a pointer to int. ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "p = &x;" }), " — p stores address of x."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Dereferencing:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "*p" }), " gives the value stored at the address p holds."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "this Pointer:" }), " Implicitly passed to every non-static member function. Resolves ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "name = name" }), " ambiguity."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Compile-Time Polymorphism:" }), " Resolved at compile time. Achieved via function overloading and operator overloading."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Operator Overloading Rules:" }), " Cannot change precedence/arity, cannot create new operators, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "." }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: ".*" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "::" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "?:" }), " cannot be overloaded, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "=" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "[]" }), " must be member functions."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Virtual Function:" }), " Declared with ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual" }), " in base. Enables base pointer to call derived function at runtime via VTable mechanism."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Pure Virtual Function:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "virtual void f() = 0;" }), " — no body. Makes class abstract, cannot create objects."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Abstract Class:" }), " Contains ≥1 pure virtual function. Can have pointer/reference to abstract class."] }), "\n"] }) })] }), "\n", _jsxs(MCQ, { topicId: "4.summary", children: [_jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "4.summary-q1", answer: 2, hint: "Pointer arithmetic advances by size of the pointed type, not always 1 byte.", explanation: "For int* pointing to address 1000, p+2 = 1000 + 2×4 = 1008 (assuming 4-byte int). Pointer arithmetic is scaled by sizeof(type).", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "If an integer pointer p points to address 1000 and int is 4 bytes, what is the value of p+2?" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "1001" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "1002" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "1008" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "2000" })] }), _jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "4.summary-q2", answer: 1, hint: "this pointer is an implicit pointer inside non-static member functions.", explanation: "The this pointer is automatically available in every non-static member function. It points to the object that called the function. It is not passed as an explicit parameter.", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Which of the following is true about the 'this' pointer in C++?" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "It must be explicitly declared as a parameter" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "It is an implicit pointer available in non-static member functions" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "It can only be used in constructors" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "It is a static pointer shared by all objects" })] }), _jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "4.summary-q3", answer: 3, hint: "Virtual functions are declared in the base class to enable runtime polymorphism.", explanation: "A virtual function must be declared in the base class using the 'virtual' keyword. When a base class pointer points to a derived class object, calling a virtual function invokes the derived class version at runtime.", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "In run-time polymorphism, a virtual function is declared in:" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "Derived class only" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "Both classes with identical signatures" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "Base class using the virtual keyword" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "Main function" })] }), _jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "4.summary-q4", answer: 2, hint: "Pure virtual function has no body and is assigned 0.", explanation: "A pure virtual function is declared as virtual void func() = 0;. It has no implementation in the base class and makes the class abstract. An abstract class cannot be instantiated.", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "What is a pure virtual function in C++?" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "A virtual function with default implementation" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "A virtual function that can only be called from derived class" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "A virtual function with no body, declared with = 0" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "A virtual function declared only in the derived class" })] }), _jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "4.summary-q5", answer: 0, hint: "These two operators cannot be overloaded as per C++ rules.", explanation: "In C++, the scope resolution ::, member access ., pointer-to-member .*, and ternary ?: operators cannot be overloaded. Also, there is no way to create new operators or change operator precedence.", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Which of the following operators CANNOT be overloaded in C++?" }), _jsx(Option, { children: ":: and . (scope resolution and member access)" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "+ and - (arithmetic operators)" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "<< and >> (stream operators)" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "[] and () (subscript and function call)" })] })] })] }); } function MDXContent(props = {}) { const {wrapper: MDXLayout} = { ..._provideComponents(), ...props.components }; return MDXLayout ? _jsx(MDXLayout, { ...props, children: _jsx(_createMdxContent, { ...props }) }) : _createMdxContent(props); } return { default: MDXContent }; function _missingMdxReference(id, component) { throw new Error("Expected " + (component ? "component" : "object") + " `" + id + "` to be defined: you likely forgot to import, pass, or provide it."); }