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These constructs enable decision-making and repetition in programs.", syllabus: ["2.1 Conditional statements", "2.2 Looping statements", "2.3 Branching Statements"] }), "\n", _jsx(_components.hr, {}), "\n", _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📇 Revision Cards" }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 2.1 — Conditional Statements" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "if, if-else, nested if-else, if-else ladder, and switch statements. 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Always provide ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "break" }), " in each case to avoid fall-through."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["2 marks — Write syntax of ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "switch" }), " statement; 4 marks — Program using nested ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "if-else" }), " to find largest of three numbers."] })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 2.2 — Looping Statements" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Three looping constructs: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "while" }), " (entry-checked), ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "do-while" }), " (exit-checked), ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "for" }), " (counter-controlled). 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", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "goto" }), " is rarely used as it leads to spaghetti code, but may appear in legacy code."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["2 marks — Explain ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "continue" }), " with example; 4 marks — Write a program using ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "break" }), " to exit loop when a negative number is entered."] })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.hr, {}), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📝 Key Terms" }), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "⚠️ Common Mistakes to Avoid" }), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🔗 How This Unit Connects" })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📇 Revision Cards" }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 2.1 — Conditional Statements" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "if, if-else, nested if-else, if-else ladder, aur switch statements. Ye relational (<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=) aur logical (&&, ||, !) operators ka use karke conditions evaluate karte hain aur specified blocks execute karte hain." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["Simple decisions ke liye ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "if" }), " use karo; multi-way branching ke liye ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "switch" }), " jab ek integral expression ka constant values se comparison ho. 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Ye kisi block of code ko baar-baar execute karne ki suvidha dete hain."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "for" }), " loop tab use karo jab iteration count pata ho; ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "while" }), " tab jab condition par based ho; ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "do-while" }), " minimum ek baar execute hota hai phir condition check karta hai."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["2 marks — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "while" }), " aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "do-while" }), " mein antar; 4 marks — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "for" }), " loop se first N natural numbers ka sum print karne ka program."] })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.h4, { children: "📌 2.3 — Branching Statements" }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, {}), _jsx(_components.th, {})] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Concept" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "break" }), " loop ya switch se turant bahar nikalta hai; ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "continue" }), " current iteration ka remainder skip karke next iteration par le jaata hai; ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "goto" }), " ek labeled statement par unconditional jump karta hai."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key Point" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "break" }), " aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "continue" }), " loop flow control ke liye use hote hain; ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "break" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "switch" }), " mein bhi zaroori hai. ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "goto" }), " se bachna chahiye kyunki isse code messy ho jaata hai, lekin concept important hai."] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Exam Angle" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { children: ["2 marks — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "continue" }), " ko example ke saath samjhao; 4 marks — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "break" }), " ka program likho jo loop se tab exit kare jab negative number enter ho."] })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.hr, {}), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📝 Key Terms" }), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "⚠️ Common Mistakes to Avoid" }), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🔗 How This Unit Connects" })] }), "\n", _jsxs(DefinitionGroup, { children: [_jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Condition", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "An expression that evaluates to true (non-zero) or false (zero) to control program flow." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Ek expression jo true (non-zero) ya false (zero) evaluate hota hai aur program flow ko control karta hai." })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Loop", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "A control structure that repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a condition holds true." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Ek control structure jo ek block of code ko baar-baar tab tak execute karta hai jab tak condition true hai." })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Iteration", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "One single execution of the loop body." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Loop body ka ek baar execution." })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "break", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "A statement that terminates the innermost loop or switch immediately." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Ek statement jo innermost loop ya switch ko immediately terminate kar deta hai." })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "continue", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "A statement that skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next iteration of the loop." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Ek statement jo current iteration ko skip karta hai aur loop ki next iteration par jump kar jaata hai." })] }), _jsxs(DefinitionEntry, { term: "switch", children: [_jsx(English, { children: "A multi-way branching statement that selects one of many code blocks to execute based on the value of an integral expression." }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: "Ek multi-way branching statement jo ek integral expression ki value ke hisaab se code block select karta hai." })] })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Warning, { children: [_jsxs(English, { children: [_jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 1:" }), " Using ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "=" }), " instead of ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "==" }), " in condition. 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Example: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "if(x = 5)" }), " se x ko 5 assign hota hai, condition always true rehti hai.\r\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Comparison ke liye ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }), " use karo: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "if(x 5)" }), "."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 2:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "switch" }), " case mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "break" }), " bhoolna, jisse fall-through hota hai.\r\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Har case ke baad ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "break" }), " lagao, jab tak intentional fall-through na chahiye."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 3:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "for" }), " loop mein semicolon ki jagah comma use karna.\r\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Correct Approach:" }), " Semicolons ka use karo: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "for(i=\"0;\" i<5; i++)" }), "."] })] })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Callout, { type: "INFO", title: "Prerequisite & Forward Links", children: [_jsx(English, { children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Before this unit, you learned:" }), " Basics of C programming: variables, data types, I/O functions, operators, expressions.\r\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "This unit is used in:" }), " Arrays (loops for traversal), Strings (while loops), Functions (if-else for recursion base cases)."] }) }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Is se pehle aapne seekha:" }), " C programming basics: variables, data types, I/O functions, operators, expressions.\r\n", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Is unit ka upyog hota hai:" }), " Arrays mein (loops se array traverse karna), Strings mein (while loops), Functions mein (conditional logic recursion base cases ke liye)."] }) })] }), "\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🗺️ Concept Map" }), "\n", _jsx(MindMap, { title: "Unit 2: Control Structures — Overview", children: _jsxs(Node, { text: "Control Structures", children: [_jsxs(Node, { text: "2.1 Conditional Statements", children: [_jsx(Node, { text: "if / if-else" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "Nested if-else" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "if-else ladder" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "switch" })] }), _jsxs(Node, { text: "2.2 Looping Statements", children: [_jsx(Node, { text: "while (entry-checked)" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "do-while (exit-checked)" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "for (counter-controlled)" })] }), _jsxs(Node, { text: "2.3 Branching Statements", children: [_jsx(Node, { text: "break" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "continue" }), _jsx(Node, { text: "goto" })] })] }) }), "\n", _jsx(_components.hr, {}), "\n", _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📊 Exam Pattern Quick Look" }), "\n", _jsx(ComparisonTable, { title: "Marks Distribution", children: _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { children: "Subtopic" }), _jsx(_components.th, { children: "Expected Marks" }), _jsx(_components.th, { children: "Question Type" }), _jsx(_components.th, { children: "Difficulty" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: "2.1 Conditional Statements" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "7-8 marks" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Define syntax, MCQ, Program using nested if/switch" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Medium ⭐⭐" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: "2.2 Looping Statements" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "5-6 marks" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Differentiate loops, Find output, Write program with for/while" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Medium ⭐⭐" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { children: "2.3 Branching Statements" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "2-4 marks" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Explain break/continue, Program using break" }), _jsx(_components.td, { children: "Easy ⭐" })] })] })] }) }), "\n", _jsx(_components.hr, {}), "\n", _jsx(Explanation, { children: _jsx(KeyPoints, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Truth Values:" }), " Any non-zero value is true; zero is false. So ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "if(5)" }), " is true, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "if(0)" }), " is false."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "switch Condition:" }), " Must be an integral type (int, char, enum). Does not work with float or string."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "break Impact:" }), " In switch, break prevents fall-through; in loops, break exits the loop entirely."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "continue Behavior:" }), " In while/do-while, continue jumps to condition; in for, it jumps to increment step."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "do-while Guarantee:" }), " Loop body executes at least once because condition is evaluated after each iteration."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "goto Usage:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "goto label;" }), " — can jump anywhere in the same function; makes code unstructured."] }), "\n"] }) }) }), "\n", _jsxs(MCQ, { topicId: "2.summary", children: [_jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "2.summary-q1", answer: 2, hint: "Which loop structure guarantees at least one execution?", explanation: "do-while loop evaluates condition after executing the body, so it always runs at least once.", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Which of the following loops is guaranteed to execute the loop body at least once?" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "for" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "while" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "do-while" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "All of the above" })] }), _jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "2.summary-q2", answer: 1, hint: "This statement terminates the innermost loop or switch immediately.", explanation: "break immediately exits the innermost loop or switch, transferring control to the next statement after the loop/switch.", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Which statement is used to unconditionally exit a loop or switch?" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "continue" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "break" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "goto" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "return" })] }), _jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "2.summary-q3", answer: 0, hint: "Count how many times the loop body executes when condition i<3.", explanation: "The loop runs for i is 0, 1, 2; each iteration prints the value followed by a space, so output is 0 1 2.", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "What will be the output of: for(i=\"0;\" i<3; i++) printf(\"%d \", i);" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "0 1 2" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "0 1 2 3" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "1 2 3" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "0 1" })] }), _jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "2.summary-q4", answer: 0, hint: "Assignment operator returns the value assigned; a is 5 evaluates to 5, which is true.", explanation: "if(a is 5) assigns 5 to a, condition is true (non-zero), so the true block executes and prints 'Equal'.", children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "What is the output of the following code? int a=\"10;\" if(a=\"5)\" printf(\"Equal\"); else printf(\"Not equal\");" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "Equal" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "Not equal" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "Compile error" }), _jsx(Option, { children: "10" })] }), _jsxs(MCQQuestion, { id: "2.summary-q5", answer: 0, hint: "goto transfers control to a labeled statement within the same function.", explanation: "goto can jump to any label in the same function. 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