"use strict"; const {Fragment: _Fragment, jsx: _jsx, jsxs: _jsxs} = arguments[0]; const {useMDXComponents: _provideComponents} = arguments[0]; function _createMdxContent(props) { const _components = { code: "code", em: "em", h3: "h3", li: "li", p: "p", strong: "strong", table: "table", tbody: "tbody", td: "td", th: "th", thead: "thead", tr: "tr", ul: "ul", ..._provideComponents(), ...props.components }, {Applications, ComparisonTable, Definition, English, Explanation, FormulaBox, Hinglish, HowItWorks, ImportantQA, MCQ, SubTopicHeader, Summary} = _components; if (!Applications) _missingMdxReference("Applications", true); if (!ComparisonTable) _missingMdxReference("ComparisonTable", true); if (!Definition) _missingMdxReference("Definition", true); if (!English) _missingMdxReference("English", true); if (!Explanation) _missingMdxReference("Explanation", true); if (!FormulaBox) _missingMdxReference("FormulaBox", true); if (!Hinglish) _missingMdxReference("Hinglish", true); if (!HowItWorks) _missingMdxReference("HowItWorks", true); if (!ImportantQA) _missingMdxReference("ImportantQA", true); if (!MCQ) _missingMdxReference("MCQ", true); if (!SubTopicHeader) _missingMdxReference("SubTopicHeader", true); if (!Summary) _missingMdxReference("Summary", true); return _jsxs(_Fragment, { children: [_jsx(SubTopicHeader, { id: "1.4", title: "Standard Input & Output Functions" }), "\n", _jsxs(Definition, { term: "Standard I/O Functions", children: [_jsx(English, { children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Standard Input/Output Functions" }), " in C are library functions defined in the ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }), " header that allow a program to read data from the keyboard (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ") and print data to the console (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), ")."] }) }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Standard Input/Output Functions" }), " C ki standard library (jo ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }), " header mein define hain) ke built-in programs hain jo user se keyboard se input lene (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ") aur console par details print karne (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), ") ke liye use hote hain."] }) })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Explanation, { children: [_jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "Formatted Output: printf()" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " function stands for \"print formatted\". It writes output to standard output (console)."] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Syntax:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"control_string\", variable_list);" })] }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "The control string can contain plain text, format specifiers, and escape sequences." }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.em, { children: "Example:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Age is %d\", age);" })] }), "\n"] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "Formatted Output: printf()" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " ka full form \"print formatted\" hai. Yeh values ko screen par print karne ke kaam aata hai."] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Syntax:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"control_string\", variable_list);" })] }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Control string ke andar plain text, format specifiers aur escape characters ho sakte hain." }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.em, { children: "Example:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Age is %d\", age);" })] }), "\n"] })] }), _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "Formatted Input: scanf()" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " function stands for \"scan formatted\". It reads input from the keyboard."] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Syntax:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf(\"control_string\", &variable_list);" })] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["The address-of operator (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), ") is mandatory before variable names in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " because it tells the function where to store the input value in memory."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.em, { children: "Example:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf(\"%d\", &age);" })] }), "\n"] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "Formatted Input: scanf()" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " ka full form \"scan formatted\" hai. Yeh keyboard se input padhne ke liye use hota hai."] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Syntax:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf(\"control_string\", &variable_list);" })] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " mein variable ke naam ke aage Address-of operator (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), ") lagana compulsory hai taaki read kiya gaya data variable ke correct memory block par store ho sake."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.em, { children: "Example:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf(\"%d\", &age);" })] }), "\n"] })] }), _jsx(ComparisonTable, { children: _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Feature / Property" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "printf()" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "scanf()" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Primary Role" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Displays data to the output screen." }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Reads data from standard keyboard input." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Address Operator (&)" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Not required (needs value to display)." }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Mandatory (needs memory address to write)." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Format Specifiers" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Used to convert stored values to text." }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Used to parse input characters into types." })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Syntax Example" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Value = %d\", val);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf(\"%d\", &val);" }) })] })] })] }) }), _jsx(FormulaBox, { title: "Common Format Specifiers", children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), " / ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%i" }), " : Signed integer"] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " : Floating point number"] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%c" }), " : Single character"] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }), " : Character string"] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%lf" }), " : Double precision float"] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%u" }), " : Unsigned integer"] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%x" }), " : Hexadecimal integer"] }), "\n"] }) }), _jsxs(HowItWorks, { title: "Escape Sequences in C", children: [_jsxs(English, { children: [_jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Escape sequences are special character pairs starting with a backslash (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" }), ") used to format output:"] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " : Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }), " : Inserts a horizontal tab (4 or 8 spaces)."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\b" }), " : Moves the cursor back by one character (backspace)."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\\" }), " : Prints a single backslash symbol."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\"" }), " : Prints double quote characters inside a string."] }), "\n"] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Escape sequences backslash (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" }), ") se start hone wale characters hote hain jo terminal output format adjust karne mein help karte hain:"] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " : Cursor ko new/agli line par bhejta hai."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }), " : Tab space (horizontal space) print karta hai."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\b" }), " : Cursor ko ek position peeche lata hai (backspace)."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\\" }), " : Screen par single backslash (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" }), ") print karne ke liye."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\"" }), " : Printf double quotes ke andar literal double quote ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\"" }), " print karne ke liye."] }), "\n"] })] })] }), _jsxs(Applications, { children: [_jsx(English, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Writing interactive command-line programs like calculators or payroll applications." }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Printing logs and output results for verification." }), "\n"] }) }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Interative CLI application tools banane mein." }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Terminal console par calculation logs ya variables state check karne ke liye." }), "\n"] }) })] })] }), "\n", _jsxs(Summary, { children: [_jsx(English, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " are C library functions for console I/O, declared in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }), "."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " requires variables to be prefixed with ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " to obtain their memory addresses."] }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Format specifiers define data translation, while escape sequences format console layouts." }), "\n"] }) }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " standard I/O functions hain jo ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }), " library header file mein defined hain."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " ke parameters ke aage ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " address-of operator use karna compulsory hota hai."] }), "\n", _jsx(_components.li, { children: "Format specifiers binary-to-text formatting control karte hain, aur escape sequences terminal spacing design karte hain." }), "\n"] }) })] }), "\n", _jsx(ImportantQA, { questions: [{ "q": "What is the purpose of the address operator (&) in a scanf() statement? Explain with an example. (4 Marks)", "marks": 4, "a": { "components": [{ "type": "Explanation", "content": "The address-of operator (`&`) is used in C to get the memory address of a variable.\nIn `scanf()`, the function needs to know where in memory it should store the value entered by the user. If we pass the variable directly without `&` (e.g. `scanf(\"%d\", age)`), it passes the value of `age` instead of its address, causing the program to write to an incorrect memory location (resulting in a runtime crash or segmentation fault).\n\n**Example:**\n```c\nint num;\nscanf(\"%d\", &num); // Correct: Stores input at the address of num\n```Address-of operator (`&`) variable ka memory location return karta hai.\n`scanf()` function ko user dwara input ki gayi value ko store karne ke liye ek physical memory memory address ki requirement hoti hai. Agar hum variable name ke aage `&` nahi lagayenge (jaise: `scanf(\"%d\", age)`), toh program dynamic crash ho jayega (segmentation fault) kyunki function address ki jagah variable ki current value ko base address maan kar write karne ki koshish karega.\n\n**Example:**\n```c\nint num;\nscanf(\"%d\", &num); // Sahi: num ke memory block address par data store karega\n```" }] } }, { "q": "Explain any three escape sequences used in C with examples. (3 Marks)", "marks": 3, "a": { "components": [{ "type": "Explanation", "content": "1. **`\\n` (Newline):** Moves the cursor to the next line. E.g., `printf(\"Hello\\nWorld\");` prints \"Hello\" on line 1 and \"World\" on line 2.\n2. **`\\t` (Horizontal Tab):** Adds space between outputs. E.g., `printf(\"A\\tB\");` separates A and B by a tab.\n3. **`\\\"` (Double Quote):** Prints double quotes. E.g., `printf(\"He said \\\"Hi\\\"\");` prints: He said \"Hi\".1. **`\\n` (Newline):** Cursor ko agli line par bhejta hai. E.g., `printf(\"A\\nB\");` prints A aur B separate lines par.\n2. **`\\t` (Tab):** Spacing generate karta hai. E.g., `printf(\"A\\tB\");` outputs: A B.\n3. **`\\\"` (Double Quote):** Message ke beech double quotes prints karta hai. E.g., `printf(\"\\\"C\\\"\");` output screen par \"C\" print karega." }] } }] }), "\n", _jsx(MCQ, { questions: [{ "id": "36cbc53d-a321-4e1b-ab0f-3c6c65ec7fd2", "q": "Which header file must be included to use standard input-output functions like printf() and scanf()?", "options": ["conio.h", "stdio.h", "math.h", "string.h"], "answer": 1, "hint": "Stands for Standard Input Output.", "explanation": "'' contains declarations for printf, scanf, and other standard stream operations." }, { "id": "76f7a7ce-978f-438e-93a7-e794b04d9d48", "q": "What is the purpose of the scanf() function?", "options": ["To display output on the screen", "To read formatted input from the keyboard", "To exit the main program execution", "To define variable limits"], "answer": 1, "hint": "It takes input data from the user console.", "explanation": "scanf reads formatted inputs from standard input stream (stdin)." }, { "id": "5addcf9d-89d1-47a7-8def-9327d032e057", "q": "Which format specifier is used for reading or printing a double-precision float?", "options": ["%f", "%d", "%lf", "%c"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Stands for Long Float.", "explanation": "'%lf' is the format specifier for double data types in C." }, { "id": "1ea40b8a-a599-4646-b66c-89e09def788a", "q": "What will be printed by the statement: printf(\"A\\nB\\tC\"); ?", "options": ["A B C on the same line", "A on one line, and B and C separated by tab on the next line", "A and B on one line, C on the next", "Compilation Error"], "answer": 1, "hint": "Trace \\n (newline) and \\t (tab) sequential effects.", "explanation": "\\n causes a line jump after A. B is printed on the second line followed by a tab space and C." }, { "id": "b060d2d7-d285-4f6d-a8a3-e09a89b208fe", "q": "What happens if you omit the '&' operator in scanf(\"%d\", num); when reading an integer?", "options": ["The program runs perfectly without any issues", "The program compiled, but is likely to cause a segmentation fault / crash at runtime", "The compiler converts the integer to a character automatically", "Nothing, & is optional in C"], "answer": 1, "hint": "scanf needs a pointer to write, but gets an integer value which it treats as a memory address.", "explanation": "Without &, scanf interprets the variable value as a memory address, leading to illegal memory accesses (crashes)." }, { "id": "9fce81f9-e9c3-4bd6-b6ca-ccfb5f1aa66a", "q": "Which of the following is the correct format specifier to read a character string?", "options": ["%c", "%s", "%d", "%f"], "answer": 1, "hint": "Stands for String.", "explanation": "%s is used for reading or printing null-terminated character strings." }, { "id": "a0b582a0-5468-4db1-9de3-5142bb57df9d", "q": "Which escape sequence represents a backspace character?", "options": ["\\n", "\\t", "\\b", "\\r"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Starts with 'b'.", "explanation": "\\b is the escape sequence for backspace." }, { "id": "702ffb8c-6987-4207-9c70-88ffb5303502", "q": "If we want to print a literal percentage symbol '%' using printf(), how do we write it?", "options": ["\\%", "%%", "%", "p%"], "answer": 1, "hint": "You must double the symbol to escape format specifier parsing.", "explanation": "To print a single '%' in printf, you must write '%%' in the control string." }, { "id": "914566b9-33ce-4e9a-920b-fbb935efc3c9", "q": "What does printf() return on successful execution?", "options": ["0", "1", "The number of characters printed", "Nothing (void)"], "answer": 2, "hint": "If you print 'Hi', it returns 2.", "explanation": "printf returns the total number of characters successfully written/displayed on standard output." }, { "id": "6edb064a-c4cc-4a5e-bb7e-8e306f6f513e", "q": "Which of the following scanf formatting features allows skipping an input field?", "options": ["Using %*d syntax", "Using %s syntax", "By placing spaces between format codes", "scanf cannot skip fields"], "answer": 0, "hint": "An asterisk placed between % and format letter acts as an assignment suppression operator.", "explanation": "The asterisk (*) in format specifiers (e.g. %*d) suppresses assignment, reading the field but ignoring it." }], topicId: "1.4" })] }); } function MDXContent(props = {}) { const {wrapper: MDXLayout} = { ..._provideComponents(), ...props.components }; return MDXLayout ? _jsx(MDXLayout, { ...props, children: _jsx(_createMdxContent, { ...props }) }) : _createMdxContent(props); } return { default: MDXContent }; function _missingMdxReference(id, component) { throw new Error("Expected " + (component ? "component" : "object") + " `" + id + "` to be defined: you likely forgot to import, pass, or provide it."); }