"use strict"; const {Fragment: _Fragment, jsx: _jsx, jsxs: _jsxs} = arguments[0]; const {useMDXComponents: _provideComponents} = arguments[0]; function _createMdxContent(props) { const _components = { code: "code", h3: "h3", li: "li", ol: "ol", p: "p", pre: "pre", strong: "strong", table: "table", tbody: "tbody", td: "td", th: "th", thead: "thead", tr: "tr", ul: "ul", ..._provideComponents(), ...props.components }, {Analogy, Answer, Assessment, CodeBlock, ComparisonTable, ContentAttribution, DefinitionEntry, DefinitionGroup, English, Explanation, Hinglish, ImportantQA, KeyPoints, MCQ, Practical, Prompt, QAQuestion, Remember, SubTopicHeader, Theory, TopicOverview} = _components; if (!Analogy) _missingMdxReference("Analogy", true); if (!Answer) _missingMdxReference("Answer", true); if (!Assessment) _missingMdxReference("Assessment", true); if (!CodeBlock) _missingMdxReference("CodeBlock", true); if (!ComparisonTable) _missingMdxReference("ComparisonTable", true); if (!ContentAttribution) _missingMdxReference("ContentAttribution", true); if (!DefinitionEntry) _missingMdxReference("DefinitionEntry", true); if (!DefinitionGroup) _missingMdxReference("DefinitionGroup", true); if (!English) _missingMdxReference("English", true); if (!Explanation) _missingMdxReference("Explanation", true); if (!Hinglish) _missingMdxReference("Hinglish", true); if (!ImportantQA) _missingMdxReference("ImportantQA", true); if (!KeyPoints) _missingMdxReference("KeyPoints", true); if (!MCQ) _missingMdxReference("MCQ", true); if (!Practical) _missingMdxReference("Practical", true); if (!Prompt) _missingMdxReference("Prompt", true); if (!QAQuestion) _missingMdxReference("QAQuestion", true); if (!Remember) _missingMdxReference("Remember", true); if (!SubTopicHeader) _missingMdxReference("SubTopicHeader", true); if (!Theory) _missingMdxReference("Theory", true); if (!TopicOverview) _missingMdxReference("TopicOverview", true); return _jsxs(_Fragment, { children: [_jsxs(Theory, { children: [_jsx(SubTopicHeader, { id: "1.4", title: "Basic Input and Output Functions: printf() and scanf()" }), _jsx(English, { children: _jsx(TopicOverview, { title: "Basic Input and Output Functions in C", topicId: "1.4", readingTime: "8 min read", difficulty: "Easy", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Every program needs to communicate with the user — either by displaying information on the screen or by reading data from the keyboard. In C, this communication is handled primarily through two powerful library functions: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " for output and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " for input. These functions live inside the ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }), " header file and form the backbone of how a C program interacts with the outside world. Understanding their syntax, format specifiers, and escape sequences is essential before moving on to more advanced concepts."] }) }) }), _jsx(Hinglish, { children: _jsx(TopicOverview, { title: "C Mein Basic Input aur Output Functions", topicId: "1.4", readingTime: "8 min read", difficulty: "Easy", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Har program ko user se communicate karna hota hai — chahe screen par kuch display karna ho ya keyboard se data padhna ho. C mein yeh communication mainly do powerful library functions se hoti hai: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " jo output ke liye use hota hai aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " jo input ke liye. Yeh dono functions ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }), " header file mein milte hain aur C program ka bahar ki duniya se interact karne ka base hain. Inka syntax, format specifiers, aur escape sequences samajhna bahut zaroori hai before moving to advanced concepts."] }) }) }), _jsxs(DefinitionGroup, { children: [_jsx(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Output", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Output refers to displaying or printing information from a program to an external device, usually the monitor or terminal screen. In C, the primary output function is ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), ". Think of it as the program talking to the user."] }) }), _jsx(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Input", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Input refers to receiving data from an external source, usually the keyboard, and storing it inside program variables. In C, the primary input function is ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ". Think of it as the user talking to the program."] }) }), _jsx(DefinitionEntry, { term: "printf() Function", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " is a ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "formatted output" }), " function from the C standard library. It prints text, numbers, and other data to the screen in a controlled format. The name stands for ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "print formatted" }), " — you define the format using a format string, and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " fills in the actual values."] }) }), _jsx(DefinitionEntry, { term: "scanf() Function", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " is a ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "formatted input" }), " function from the C standard library. It reads data typed by the user from the keyboard and stores it into variables. The name stands for ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "scan formatted" }), " — it scans the input according to the format string you provide."] }) }), _jsx(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Format Specifier", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["A format specifier is a special code (starting with ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }), ") placed inside the format string of ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ". It tells the function what ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "type of data" }), " to expect or display. For example, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), " means a decimal integer, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " means a floating-point number, and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%c" }), " means a single character."] }) }), _jsx(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Escape Sequence", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["An escape sequence is a combination of a backslash ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" }), " followed by a special character, used to represent characters that are difficult or impossible to type directly. For example, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " produces a new line, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }), " produces a horizontal tab, and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\\" }), " prints a literal backslash."] }) }), _jsx(DefinitionEntry, { term: "Format String", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["A format string is the first argument passed to ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ". It is a string (text enclosed in double quotes) that contains regular text along with format specifiers and escape sequences. It defines the layout and type of the data being printed or read."] }) }), _jsx(DefinitionEntry, { term: "stdio.h", children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "stdio.h" }), " stands for ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Standard Input Output Header" }), ". It is a preprocessor header file that must be included at the top of every C program that uses ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ", or any other standard input/output functions. It provides the function declarations so the compiler knows how to handle these calls."] }) })] }), _jsxs(Explanation, { children: [_jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🖥️ Why Do We Need Input and Output?" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Imagine writing a program that adds two numbers. You write the logic perfectly, but how do you ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "get" }), " those two numbers from the user? And where do you ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "show" }), " the result? That's exactly what ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " solve."] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }) }), " lets the user type data at the keyboard, which your program stores in variables."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }) }), " lets your program display results, messages, or formatted data on the screen."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Without these two functions, a C program would be like a brain with no mouth and no ears — it could think but never communicate." }), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "⚡ The printf() Function" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " function sends formatted output to the screen (standard output). Its general syntax is:"] }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "printf(\"format string\", argument1, argument2, ...);\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Here's how it works step by step:" }), _jsxs(_components.ol, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["The ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "format string" }), " is written inside double quotes ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\"\"" }), "."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["It can contain plain text (printed as-is), ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "format specifiers" }), " (like ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), "), and ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "escape sequences" }), " (like ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }), ")."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["After the format string, you provide ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "arguments" }), " (values) separated by commas — one for each format specifier."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " replaces each format specifier with the corresponding argument value and prints the result."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Simple Example — Just Printing Text:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "printf(\"Hello, World!\\n\");\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["This prints ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Hello, World!" }), " on the screen and moves the cursor to the next line (because of ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), ")."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Example with Format Specifier:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int age = 21;\r\nprintf(\"My age is %d years.\", age);\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Output: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "My age is 21 years." })] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Here, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), " is replaced by the value of ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "age" }), ", which is ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "21" }), "."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Example with Multiple Specifiers:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int a = 10, b = 20;\r\nprintf(\"Sum of %d and %d is %d.\\n\", a, b, a + b);\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Output: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Sum of 10 and 20 is 30." })] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Notice that the third argument is an ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "expression" }), " (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "a + b" }), "), not just a variable — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " can handle any valid expression as an argument."] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🖥️ Humein Input/Output Ki Zaroorat Kyun Hai?" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Socho ek program likh rahe ho jo do numbers ka addition karta hai. Logic bilkul sahi hai, lekin woh do numbers ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "user se kaise logey" }), "? Aur result ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "kahan dikhaogey" }), "? Yahi kaam ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " karte hain."] }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }) }), " user ko keyboard se data type karne deta hai, jo tumhare program mein variables mein store hota hai."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }) }), " tumhare program ko screen par results, messages, ya formatted data dikhane deta hai."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "In dono functions ke bina, C program ek aise brain jaisa hota hai jiske paas na mouth hai na ears — soch toh sakta hai lekin communicate nahi kar sakta." }), _jsx(_components.h3, { children: "⚡ printf() Function" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " function screen par (standard output) formatted output bhejta hai. Iska general syntax hai:"] }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "printf(\"format string\", argument1, argument2, ...);\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Yeh kaise kaam karta hai step by step:" }), _jsxs(_components.ol, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Format string" }), " double quotes ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\"\"" }), " ke andar likha jaata hai."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["Ismein plain text (jo as-is print hota hai), ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "format specifiers" }), " (jaise ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), "), aur ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "escape sequences" }), " (jaise ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }), ") aa sakte hain."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["Format string ke baad tum ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "arguments" }), " (values) commas se separated dete ho — ek har format specifier ke liye."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " har format specifier ko uske corresponding argument value se replace karke result print karta hai."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Simple Example — Sirf Text Print Karna:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "printf(\"Hello, World!\\n\");\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Yeh ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Hello, World!" }), " screen par print karta hai aur cursor ko next line par le jaata hai (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " ki wajah se)."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Example with Format Specifier:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int age = 21;\r\nprintf(\"My age is %d years.\", age);\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Output: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "My age is 21 years." })] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Yahan, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), " ko ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "age" }), " ki value se replace kiya gaya, jo ki ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "21" }), " hai."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Example with Multiple Specifiers:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int a = 10, b = 20;\r\nprintf(\"Sum of %d and %d is %d.\\n\", a, b, a + b);\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Output: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Sum of 10 and 20 is 30." })] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Dhyan do ki teesra argument ek ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "expression" }), " (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "a + b" }), ") hai, sirf variable nahi — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " kisi bhi valid expression ko argument mein handle kar sakta hai."] })] }), _jsx(CodeBlock, { language: "c", children: `#include int main() { // Simple text output printf("Hello, World!\\n"); // Output with format specifier int age = 21; printf("My age is %d years.\\n", age); // Multiple format specifiers int a = 10, b = 20; printf("Sum of %d and %d is %d.\\n", a, b, a + b); return 0; }` }), _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📋 Format Specifiers — The Complete Table" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Format specifiers are the heart of formatted I/O. Each specifier tells ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " what ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "type of data" }), " to handle. Here is the complete reference:"] }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Format Specifier" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Data Type" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Description" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Example" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Signed decimal integer" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "42" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "-7" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "0" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%u" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "unsigned int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Unsigned decimal integer" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "42" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "100" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " / ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" })] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Floating-point number (decimal)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "-0.5" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%e" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%E" })] }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " / ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" })] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Scientific notation" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14e+00" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14E+00" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%c" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "char" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Single character" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "'A'" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "'z'" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "'9'" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "char[]" }), " (string)"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "String of characters" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\"Hello\"" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%ld" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "long int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Long decimal integer" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "100000L" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%lf" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Double-precision float (in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf" }), ")"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14159" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%x" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%X" })] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Hexadecimal (lowercase/uppercase)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "ff" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "FF" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%o" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Octal (base-8)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "52" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "77" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%p" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Pointer" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Memory address" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "0x7fff5a3b" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "—" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Prints a literal ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }), " symbol"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }) })] })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "💡 Important Tip:" }), " In ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ", always use ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%lf" }), " for reading a ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " variable, and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " for reading a ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " variable. However, in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " works for both ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " because ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " is automatically promoted to ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " during function calls."] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📋 Format Specifiers — Complete Table" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Format specifiers formatted I/O ka dil hain. Har specifier ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " ya ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " ko batata hai ki ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "kis type ka data" }), " handle karna hai. Yeh complete reference hai:"] }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Format Specifier" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Data Type" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Description" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Example" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Signed decimal integer" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "42" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "-7" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "0" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%u" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "unsigned int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Unsigned decimal integer" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "42" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "100" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " / ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" })] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Floating-point number (decimal)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "-0.5" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%e" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%E" })] }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " / ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" })] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Scientific notation" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14e+00" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14E+00" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%c" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "char" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Single character" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "'A'" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "'z'" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "'9'" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "char[]" }), " (string)"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "String of characters" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\"Hello\"" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%ld" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "long int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Long decimal integer" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "100000L" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%lf" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Double-precision float (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf" }), " mein)"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14159" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%x" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%X" })] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Hexadecimal (lowercase/uppercase)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "ff" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "FF" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%o" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Octal (base-8)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "52" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "77" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%p" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Pointer" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Memory address" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "0x7fff5a3b" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "—" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Literal ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }), " symbol print karta hai"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }) })] })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "💡 Important Tip:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " mein, hamesha ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " variable padhne ke liye ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%l" }), " use karo, aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " ke liye ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), ". Lekin ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " mein, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " dono ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " ke liye kaam karta hai kyunki ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " ko function calls ke time automatically ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " mein promote kiya jaata hai."] })] }), _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🔤 Escape Sequences — Special Characters" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Escape sequences let you include special, invisible, or hard-to-type characters inside your strings. They always start with a backslash ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" }), "."] }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Escape Sequence" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "What It Does" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Example" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "New line (moves cursor to next line)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Line1\\nLine2\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Horizontal tab (adds spacing)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Name\\tAge\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\b" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Backspace (moves cursor one step back)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"AB\\bC\");" }), " prints ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "AC" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\r" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Carriage return (cursor goes to start of line)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Used in file I/O" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\\" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Prints a literal backslash ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" })] }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"\\\\\");" }), " prints ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\"" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Prints a double quote ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\"" })] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Say \\\\\\\"Hi\\\\\\\"\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\'" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Prints a single quote ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "'" })] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"It\\\\'s\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\0" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Null character (marks end of string)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Used internally in strings" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\a" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Alert (bell sound)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"\\\\a\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%%" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Prints a literal ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }), " sign"] }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"100%%\");" }), " prints ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "100%" })] })] })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "💡 Most Used:" }), " The most commonly used escape sequences are ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " (newline) and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }), " (tab). Master these two and you can format most outputs neatly."] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🔤 Escape Sequences — Special Characters" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Escape sequences tumhe special, invisible, ya type karne mein mushkil characters strings mein include karne dete hain. Yeh hamesha backslash ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" }), " se shuru hote hain."] }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Escape Sequence" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Kya Karta Hai" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Example" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "New line (cursor next line par jaata hai)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Line1\\nLine2\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Horizontal tab (spacing deta hai)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Name\\tAge\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\b" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Backspace (cursor ek step peeche jaata hai)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"AB\\bC\");" }), " prints ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "AC" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\r" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Carriage return (cursor line ki start par jaata hai)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "File I/O mein use hota hai" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\\" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Literal backslash ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" }), " print karta hai"] }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"\\\\\");" }), " prints ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\" })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\"" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Double quote ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\"" }), " print karta hai"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"Say \\\\\\\"Hi\\\\\\\"\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\'" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Single quote ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "'" }), " print karta hai"] }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"It\\\\'s\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\0" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Null character (string ka end mark karta hai)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Strings mein internally use hota hai" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\a" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Alert (bell sound bajata hai)" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"\\\\a\");" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%%" }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Literal ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }), " sign print karta hai"] }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"100%%\");" }), " prints ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "100%" })] })] })] })] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "💡 Sabse Zyada Use:" }), " Sabse zyada use hone wale escape sequences ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " (newline) aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }), " (tab) hain. In dono ko seekh lo toh zyada tar outputs ko neatly format kar sakte ho."] })] }), _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📥 The scanf() Function" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " function reads formatted input from the keyboard (standard input) and stores it in variables. Its general syntax is:"] }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "scanf(\"format string\", &variable1, &variable2, ...);\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Key things to notice:" }), _jsxs(_components.ol, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["The ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "format string" }), " works the same way as in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " — it contains format specifiers that describe the type of input expected."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["After the format string, you provide the ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "addresses" }), " of variables using the ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " (address-of) operator. This is crucial — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " needs to know ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "where in memory" }), " to store the input, so it requires the memory address, not the variable itself."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["If you forget the ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " will write to a random memory location, causing unpredictable behavior (often a crash)."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Simple Example — Reading an Integer:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int num;\r\nprintf(\"Enter a number: \");\r\nscanf(\"%d\", &num);\r\nprintf(\"You entered: %d\\n\", num);\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Reading Multiple Values:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int a, b;\r\nprintf(\"Enter two numbers: \");\r\nscanf(\"%d %d\", &a, &b);\r\nprintf(\"You entered %d and %d\\n\", a, b);\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The user types: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "10 20" }), " (separated by space) → ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "a = 10" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "b = 20" }), "."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Reading Different Data Types:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int age;\r\nfloat height;\r\nchar grade;\r\n\r\nprintf(\"Enter age, height, and grade: \");\r\nscanf(\"%d %f %c\", &age, &height, &grade);\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The user types: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "21 5.9 A" }), " → ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "age = 21" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "height = 5.9" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "grade = 'A'" }), "."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["⚠️ Common Pitfall — The ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " Operator:"] }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "// CORRECT\r\nscanf(\"%d\", &num);\r\n\r\n// WRONG — missing & causes undefined behavior\r\nscanf(\"%d\", num); // DANGER!\n" }) })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "📥 scanf() Function" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " function keyboard se (standard input) formatted input padhta hai aur variables mein store karta hai. Iska general syntax hai:"] }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "scanf(\"format string\", &variable1, &variable2, ...);\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Dhyan dene wali baatein:" }), _jsxs(_components.ol, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Format string" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " jaisa hi kaam karti hai — ismein format specifiers hote hain jo expected input ka type describe karte hain."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["Format string ke baad tum variables ke ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "addresses" }), " dete ho ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " (address-of operator) ke saath. Yeh bahut zaroori hai — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " ko pata hona chahiye ki memory mein ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "kahan" }), " input store karna hai, isliye variable ka address chahiye, variable khud nahi."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["Agar ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " bhool gaye, toh ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " kisi random memory location par likh dega, jo unpredictable behavior dega (aksar crash ho jaata hai)."] }), "\n"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Simple Example — Integer Padhna:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int num;\r\nprintf(\"Enter a number: \");\r\nscanf(\"%d\", &num);\r\nprintf(\"You entered: %d\\n\", num);\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Multiple Values Padhna:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int a, b;\r\nprintf(\"Enter two numbers: \");\r\nscanf(\"%d %d\", &a, &b);\r\nprintf(\"You entered %d and %d\\n\", a, b);\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["User types: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "10 20" }), " (space se separated) → ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "a = 10" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "b = 20" }), "."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Alag-alag Data Types Padhna:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int age;\r\nfloat height;\r\nchar grade;\r\n\r\nprintf(\"Enter age, height, and grade: \");\r\nscanf(\"%d %f %c\", &age, &height, &grade);\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["User types: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "21 5.9 A" }), " → ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "age = 21" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "height = 5.9" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "grade = 'A'" }), "."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["⚠️ Common Pitfall — ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " Operator:"] }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "// SAHI\r\nscanf(\"%d\", &num);\r\n\r\n// GALAT — & missing hai, undefined behavior hoga\r\nscanf(\"%d\", num); // Khatarnak!\n" }) })] }), _jsx(CodeBlock, { language: "c", children: `#include int main() { int num; // Reading a single integer printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d", &num); printf("You entered: %d\\n", num); // Reading multiple values int a, b; printf("Enter two numbers: "); scanf("%d %d", &a, &b); printf("You entered %d and %d\\n", a, b); // Reading different data types int age; float height; char grade; printf("Enter age, height, and grade: "); scanf("%d %f %c", &age, &height, &grade); printf("Age: %d, Height: %.1f, Grade: %c\\n", age, height, grade); return 0; }` }), _jsx(ComparisonTable, { title: "printf() vs scanf() — Side by Side Comparison", children: _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Feature" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }) }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }) })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Purpose" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Displays output on screen" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Reads input from keyboard" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Full Name" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Print Formatted" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Scan Formatted" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Header File" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Takes variables as" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Values (direct)" }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Addresses (with ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), ")"] })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Syntax" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"format\", value1, value2);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf(\"format\", &var1, &var2);" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Returns" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Number of characters printed" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Number of items successfully read" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Data Flow" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Program → Screen" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Keyboard → Program" })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " means"] }) }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " or ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" })] }), _jsxs(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: ["Only ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " (use ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%lf" }), " for ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), ")"] })] })] })] }) }), _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🛠️ How printf() and scanf() Work Together — A Complete Program" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["The most common pattern in a C program is: ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "display a prompt → read input → process → display result" }), ". Let's build a complete program that reads two numbers and prints their sum, product, and average."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Program:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "#include \r\n\r\nint main() {\r\n float num1, num2, sum, product, average;\r\n\r\n // Step 1: Prompt the user\r\n printf(\"Enter first number: \");\r\n scanf(\"%f\", &num1);\r\n\r\n printf(\"Enter second number: \");\r\n scanf(\"%f\", &num2);\r\n\r\n // Step 2: Process\r\n sum = num1 + num2;\r\n product = num1 * num2;\r\n average = sum / 2;\r\n\r\n // Step 3: Display results\r\n printf(\"\\n--- Results ---\\n\");\r\n printf(\"Sum = %.2f\\n\", sum);\r\n printf(\"Product = %.2f\\n\", product);\r\n printf(\"Average = %.2f\\n\", average);\r\n\r\n return 0;\r\n}\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Sample Run:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Enter first number: 12.5\r\nEnter second number: 7.5\r\n\r\n--- Results ---\r\nSum = 20.00\r\nProduct = 93.75\r\nAverage = 10.00\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key observations:" }) }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.2f" }), " means print the float value with ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "exactly 2 decimal places" }), ". You can change the number: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.1f" }), " for 1 decimal, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.0f" }), " for no decimals, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.4f" }), " for 4 decimals."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["The ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"\\n--- Results ---\\n\");" }), " creates blank lines before and after the header for better readability."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["The program reads input ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "twice" }), " using two separate ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " calls — each call waits until the user presses Enter."] }), "\n"] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🛠️ printf() aur scanf() Kaise Saath Kaam Karte Hain — Complete Program" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["C program mein sabse common pattern hai: ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "prompt dikhao → input padho → process karo → result dikhao" }), ". Chalo ek complete program banate hain jo do numbers padhe aur unka sum, product, aur average print kare."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Program:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "#include \r\n\r\nint main() {\r\n float num1, num2, sum, product, average;\r\n\r\n // Step 1: User ko prompt karo\r\n printf(\"Enter first number: \");\r\n scanf(\"%f\", &num1);\r\n\r\n printf(\"Enter second number: \");\r\n scanf(\"%f\", &num2);\r\n\r\n // Step 2: Process\r\n sum = num1 + num2;\r\n product = num1 * num2;\r\n average = sum / 2;\r\n\r\n // Step 3: Results dikhao\r\n printf(\"\\\\n--- Results ---\\\\n\");\r\n printf(\"Sum = %.2f\\\\n\", sum);\r\n printf(\"Product = %.2f\\\\n\", product);\r\n printf(\"Average = %.2f\\\\n\", average);\r\n\r\n return 0;\r\n}\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Sample Run:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Enter first number: 12.5\r\nEnter second number: 7.5\r\n\r\n--- Results ---\r\nSum = 20.00\r\nProduct = 93.75\r\nAverage = 10.00\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Key observations:" }) }), _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.2f" }), " ka matlab hai float value ko ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "exactly 2 decimal places" }), " ke saath print karo. Tum number change kar sakte ho: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.1f" }), " ek decimal ke liye, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.0f" }), " bina decimal ke, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.4f" }), " chaar decimals ke liye."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"\\n--- Results ---\\n\");" }), " mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " header se pehle aur baad mein blank lines banata hai, jisse output zyada readable lagta hai."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["Program do alag-alag ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " calls se ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "do baar" }), " input padhta hai — har call tab tak wait karta hai jab tak user Enter na dabaye."] }), "\n"] })] }), _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "⚠️ Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Here are the most frequent errors beginners make with ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ":"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["Mistake 1: Forgetting ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " in scanf()"] }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int num;\r\nscanf(\"%d\", num); // WRONG — missing &\r\nscanf(\"%d\", &num); // CORRECT\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["This is the #1 beginner mistake. Without ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " doesn't get the address of ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "num" }), ", so it writes to a garbage memory location. This can crash your program or corrupt other variables."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 2: Mismatched format specifiers" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int x;\r\nscanf(\"%f\", &x); // WRONG — %f is for float, not int\r\nscanf(\"%d\", &x); // CORRECT\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "If the format specifier doesn't match the variable's data type, the input will be interpreted incorrectly, leading to garbage values." }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["Mistake 3: Not using ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " for clean output"] }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "printf(\"Hello\");\r\nprintf(\"World\");\r\n// Output: HelloWorld (no gap!)\r\n\r\nprintf(\"Hello\\\\n\");\r\nprintf(\"World\\\\n\");\r\n// Output:\r\n// Hello\r\n// World\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["Mistake 4: Using ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " for reading strings with spaces"] }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "char name[50];\r\nscanf(\"%s\", name); // WRONG for \"John Doe\" — stops at space\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }), " stops reading at the first whitespace. To read a full line including spaces, use ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "fgets(name, 50, stdin)" }), " instead."] })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "⚠️ Common Mistakes aur Unse Kaise Bachein" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Yeh sabse zyada hone wale errors hain jo beginners ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " aur ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " mein karte hain:"] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["Mistake 1: scanf() mein ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " bhool jaana"] }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int num;\r\nscanf(\"%d\", num); // GALAT — & missing hai\r\nscanf(\"%d\", &num); // SAHI\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Yeh sabse common beginner mistake hai. ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " ke bina, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " ko ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "num" }), " ka address nahi milta, toh woh kisi garbage memory location par likh deta hai. Isse program crash ho sakta hai ya doosre variables corrupt ho sakte hain."] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Mistake 2: Format specifier match na karna" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "int x;\r\nscanf(\"%f\", &x); // GALAT — %f float ke liye hai, int ke liye nahi\r\nscanf(\"%d\", &x); // SAHI\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Agar format specifier variable ke data type se match nahi karta, toh input galat tarike se interpret hoga, jisse garbage values aayengi." }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["Mistake 3: Clean output ke liye ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " na use karna"] }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "printf(\"Hello\");\r\nprintf(\"World\");\r\n// Output: HelloWorld (koi gap nahi!)\r\n\r\nprintf(\"Hello\\\\n\");\r\nprintf(\"World\\\\n\");\r\n// Output:\r\n// Hello\r\n// World\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["Mistake 4: Spaces wale strings padhne ke liye ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " use karna"] }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "char name[50];\r\nscanf(\"%s\", name); // \"John Doe\" ke liye GALAT — space par ruk jaata hai\n" }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }), " pehle whitespace par padhna band kar deta hai. Poora line padhne ke liye, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "fgets(name, 50, stdin)" }), " use karo."] })] }), _jsx(Remember, { children: _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Golden Rule for scanf():" }), " Hamesha variable ke naam ke saath ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " lagao! ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf(\"%d\", &num)" }), " — yeh yaad rakhna sabse important hai C programming ke shuruwaat mein. Sirf tab chhodo jab tum ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }), " (string) ke saath character array pass kar rahe ho, kyunki array name khud ek address hota hai."] }) }), _jsxs(English, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🔢 printf() Width and Precision Specifiers" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["You can control the ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "width" }), " (minimum characters printed) and ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "precision" }), " (decimal places for floats) of your output. This is useful for creating neat, aligned output."] }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Specifier" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Meaning" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Example" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Output" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%10d" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Print integer in a field of width 10" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%10d\", 42);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: " 42" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%-10d" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Left-aligned in width 10" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%-10d\", 42);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "42 " }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%05d" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Zero-padded to 5 digits" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%05d\", 42);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "00042" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.2f" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Float with 2 decimal places" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%.2f\", 3.14159);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%10.2f" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Width 10, 2 decimal places" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%10.2f\", 3.14);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: " 3.14" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%-10.2f" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Left-aligned, width 10, 2 decimals" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%-10.2f\", 3.14);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14 " }) })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Example — Formatted Table Output:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "printf(\"%-10s %5d %8.2f\\n\", \"Alice\", 90, 88.5);\r\nprintf(\"%-10s %5d %8.2f\\n\", \"Bob\", 75, 72.3);\r\nprintf(\"%-10s %5d %8.2f\\n\", \"Charlie\", 85, 91.7);\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Output:" }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Alice 90 88.50\r\nBob 75 72.30\r\nCharlie 85 91.70\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "This creates a perfectly aligned table — useful for any program that displays tabular data." })] }), _jsxs(Hinglish, { children: [_jsx(_components.h3, { children: "🔢 printf() Width aur Precision Specifiers" }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: ["Tum output ki ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "width" }), " (minimum kitne characters print ho) aur ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "precision" }), " (floats ke liye decimal places) control kar sakte ho. Yeh neat, aligned output banane ke liye useful hai."] }), _jsxs(_components.table, { children: [_jsx(_components.thead, { children: _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Specifier" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Matlab" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Example" }), _jsx(_components.th, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Output" })] }) }), _jsxs(_components.tbody, { children: [_jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%10d" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Width 10 mein integer print karo" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%10d\", 42);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: " 42" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%-10d" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Width 10 mein left-aligned" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%-10d\", 42);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "42 " }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%05d" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "5 digits tak zero-padded" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%05d\", 42);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "00042" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.2f" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Float with 2 decimal places" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%.2f\", 3.14159);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%10.2f" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Width 10, 2 decimal places" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%10.2f\", 3.14);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: " 3.14" }) })] }), _jsxs(_components.tr, { children: [_jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%-10.2f" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: "Left-aligned, width 10, 2 decimals" }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%-10.2f\", 3.14);" }) }), _jsx(_components.td, { style: { textAlign: "left" }, children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "3.14 " }) })] })] })] }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Example — Formatted Table Output:" }) }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { className: "language-c", children: "printf(\"%-10s %5d %8.2f\\\\n\", \"Alice\", 90, 88.5);\r\nprintf(\"%-10s %5d %8.2f\\\\n\", \"Bob\", 75, 72.3);\r\nprintf(\"%-10s %5d %8.2f\\\\n\", \"Charlie\", 85, 91.7);\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Output:" }), _jsx(_components.pre, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Alice 90 88.50\r\nBob 75 72.30\r\nCharlie 85 91.70\n" }) }), _jsx(_components.p, { children: "Yeh ek perfectly aligned table banata hai — kisi bhi program ke liye useful hai jo tabular data display karta hai." })] }), _jsxs(Analogy, { children: [_jsx(_components.p, { children: _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Think of printf() as a template and scanf() as a form." }) }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " is like a ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "template with blanks" }), " — you write a sentence with placeholders (like ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), "), and then provide the values to fill in those blanks. The template defines how the output looks."] }), _jsxs(_components.p, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " is like a ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "form with labeled fields" }), " — you tell the program what type of data to expect in each field (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), " for integer, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " for float), and then the user fills in those fields. The ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " operator is like giving the program the ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "address of the answer sheet" }), " so it knows where to write the user's answers."] })] }), _jsx(KeyPoints, { children: _jsxs(_components.ul, { children: ["\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " is used for ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "formatted output" }), " (printing to screen); ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " is used for ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "formatted input" }), " (reading from keyboard)."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["Both functions require the ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "#include " }), " header file."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Format specifiers" }), " (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%c" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }), ", etc.) tell the function what type of data to handle."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Escape sequences" }), " (", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\t" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\\\" }), ", etc.) represent special characters inside strings."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["In ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ", always use the ", _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " (address-of) operator"] }), " before the variable name (except for strings/character arrays)."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["In ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ", use ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%lf" }), " for ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " for ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), "; in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), ", ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " works for both."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: ["You can control output formatting with ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "width" }), " (e.g., ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%10d" }), "), ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "alignment" }), " (e.g., ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%-10d" }), "), and ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "precision" }), " (e.g., ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.2f" }), ")."] }), "\n", _jsxs(_components.li, { children: [_jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " can print expressions directly: ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf(\"%d\", a + b);" }), " is perfectly valid."] }), "\n"] }) })] })] }), "\n", _jsx(Practical, { children: _jsxs(ImportantQA, { children: [_jsxs(QAQuestion, { marks: 2, children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Define printf() and scanf() functions in C and state their primary purpose." }), _jsx(Answer, { children: _jsxs(_components.h3, { children: ["🎯 Primary Purpose ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }) }), " and ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }) }), " are ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "standard I/O library functions" }), " defined in the header file ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "#include <stdio.h>" }), ". They are the most commonly used functions for output and input operations in C. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }) }), " is used to ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "display output" }), " on the screen (console). It can print text, variables, and formatted data. - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }) }), " is used to ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "read input" }), " from the keyboard (standard input). It reads data and stores it in variables using their memory addresses. ### 📝 Basic Syntax ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "c printf("format string", variable_list); scanf("format string", &variable_list); " }), " ### 💡 Key Points - ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " returns the ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "number of characters successfully printed" }), ". - ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " returns the ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "number of items successfully read" }), ". - In ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ", we must use the ", _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["address-of operator ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" })] }), " before the variable name (e.g., ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf("%d", &a);" }), ")."] }) })] }), _jsxs(QAQuestion, { marks: 4, children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Explain the commonly used format specifiers in printf() and scanf() with examples for each." }), _jsx(Answer, { children: _jsxs(_components.h3, { children: ["🎯 What are Format Specifiers? ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Format specifiers" }), " are special placeholder symbols used in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), " to tell the compiler the ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "data type" }), " of the variable being printed or read. They always start with the ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%" }), " character. ### 📝 Common Format Specifiers Table | Format Specifier | Data Type | Example Usage | |---|---|---| | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int" }), " (integer) | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf("%d", 10);" }), " | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " (floating point) | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf("%f", 3.14);" }), " | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%c" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "char" }), " (character) | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf("%c", 'A');" }), " | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "char[]" }), " (string) | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf("%s", "Hello");" }), " | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%ld" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "long int" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf("%ld", 100000L);" }), " | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%lf" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf("%lf", &d);" }), " | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%u" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "unsigned int" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf("%u", 255);" }), " | ### 📝 Examples ", _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["Using ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), ":"] }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "c int age = 20; float marks = 89.5; char grade = 'A'; printf("Age: %d, Marks: %f, Grade: %c", age, marks, grade); " }), " ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Output:" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "Age: 20, Marks: 89.500000, Grade: A" }), " ", _jsxs(_components.strong, { children: ["Using ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ":"] }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "c int num; float value; scanf("%d", &num); // reads an integer scanf("%f", &value); // reads a float " }), " ### ⚠️ Important Note - In ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf()" }), ", use ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " for ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%lf" }), " for ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), ". - In ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), ", use ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " for ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "both" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " because ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), " is automatically promoted to ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "double" }), " during ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf()" }), " call."] }) })] }), _jsxs(QAQuestion, { marks: 6, children: [_jsx(Prompt, { children: "Write a complete C program that takes a student's name, roll number, and marks as input using scanf() and displays them in a formatted manner using printf(). Include explanation of each format specifier used." }), _jsx(Answer, { children: _jsxs(_components.h3, { children: ["📝 Complete C Program ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "c #include <stdio.h> int main() { char name[50]; int rollNo; float marks; // Input section using scanf() printf("Enter student name: "); scanf("%s", name); printf("Enter roll number: "); scanf("%d", &rollNo); printf("Enter marks: "); scanf("%f", &marks); // Output section using printf() printf("\\n=== Student Details =\\n"); printf("Name : %s\\n", name); printf("Roll No : %d\\n", rollNo); printf("Marks : %.2f\\n", marks); printf("========================\\n"); return 0; } " }), " ### 🎯 Explanation of Each Format Specifier Used | Format Specifier | Purpose | Variable | |---|---|---| | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%s" }), " | Reads/displays a string (character array) | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "name" }), " | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%d" }), " | Reads/displays an integer value | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "rollNo" }), " | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%f" }), " | Reads a float value from user | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "marks" }), " (in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf" }), ") | | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.2f" }), " | Displays float with ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "2 decimal places" }), " | ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "marks" }), " (in ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "printf" }), ") | ### 📝 Sample Run ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: " Enter student name: Priya Enter roll number: 101 Enter marks: 87.5 = Student Details = Name : Priya Roll No : 101 Marks : 87.50 ========================== " }), " ### 🔑 Key Points to Remember - For ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf("%s", name);" }), " — since ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "name" }), " is a ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "character array" }), ", it already acts like an address, so we ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "do NOT use" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " operator before ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "name" }), ". - For ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "scanf("%d", &rollNo);" }), " — for non-array variables like ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "int" }), " and ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "float" }), ", we ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "must use" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "&" }), " (address-of operator). - ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "Precision specifier" }), " ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.2f" }), " limits the output to ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "2 digits after decimal point" }), ". Similarly, ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "%.3f" }), " would give 3 decimal places. - The ", _jsx(_components.code, { children: "\\n" }), " is a ", _jsx(_components.strong, { children: "newline escape character" }), " used to move to the next line for clean formatted output."] }) })] })] }) }), "\n", _jsxs(Assessment, { topicId: "1.4", children: [_jsx(MCQ, { questions: [{ "id": "283ac335-728a-4db9-99de-536b1d9fd4bb", "q": "Which function is used to print output to the standard output in C?", "options": ["printf()", "scanf()", "gets()", "puts()"], "answer": 0, "hint": "Consider which function is used for output in C.", "explanation": "The printf() function is used to print formatted output to the standard output (usually the screen)." }, { "id": "9c6c35b9-1ae9-42e6-8eb4-dae7418e015d", "q": "What is the format specifier to print a floating-point number in C?", "options": ["%d", "%f", "%c", "%s"], "answer": 1, "hint": "Remember the format specifier for floating-point numbers.", "explanation": "The %f format specifier is used to print a float or double value. %d is for integers, %c for characters, and %s for strings." }, { "id": "d7acb18a-020a-4972-8303-801c10d757b0", "q": "What will be the output of the following code? printf("%d %d", a, b, c); (Assuming a, b, c are int variables)", "options": ["Value of a and b", "Value of a, b, and c", "Undefined behavior", "Compiler error"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Check the format string and the number of variables provided.", "explanation": "The format string expects two integers (two %d), but three integer variables are supplied in the arguments. This mismatch causes undefined behavior." }, { "id": "dba36555-3340-415b-a7c1-e89dcc8e0a58", "q": "What is the primary purpose of the scanf() function?", "options": ["To print formatted output", "To read a character from input", "To read a string from input", "To read formatted input from the standard input"], "answer": 3, "hint": "Consider the purpose of the scanf() function.", "explanation": "The scanf() function is used to read formatted input from the standard input (usually the keyboard). It requires the memory address of variables to store input values." }, { "id": "eeb151a2-82a9-42ec-90c7-ec81d7433939", "q": "How do you correctly read an integer from user input into a variable 'num'?", "options": ["scanf("%d", num);", "scanf("%d", &num);", "scanf("num", %d);", "scanf("%d", *num);"], "answer": 1, "hint": "Think about how to store an integer value from user input.", "explanation": "scanf("%d", &num); reads an integer from the input and stores it at the address of the variable 'num'. The ampersand (&) is required to pass the variable's address." }, { "id": "d5a5e190-403b-40de-a21c-e94ac0336e8d", "q": "What will be the result of the statement printf("%d + %d", a);?", "options": ["Prints the value of a twice", "Prints 'a + a'", "Undefined behavior", "Compilation error"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Look at the format string and the variables used in the printf() call.", "explanation": "The format string has two %d specifiers, so it expects two integer arguments. Only one integer variable (a) is provided, leaving the second %d without a corresponding argument. This is undefined behavior." }, { "id": "447a13b2-51b6-4605-ac2c-3a43ce17efeb", "q": "In the statement printf("%10d", 42); what does the '10' in the format specifier specify?", "options": ["Minimum field width of 10 characters", "Precision up to 10 decimal places", "The number to print is 10", "Print the number 10 times"], "answer": 0, "hint": "Remember the syntax for specifying field width in printf().", "explanation": "The format specifier %10d tells printf() to print an integer with a minimum field width of 10 characters, right-justified. If the number is shorter, it is padded with spaces." }, { "id": "ef51ec83-6b9a-4b72-abb7-4d20d676a946", "q": "Which function is most appropriate for reading a single character from the keyboard?", "options": ["gets()", "scanf()", "printf()", "getchar()"], "answer": 3, "hint": "Consider the function for reading a single character from input.", "explanation": "getchar() reads a single character from the standard input. scanf("%c", &ch) can also be used, but getchar() is a simpler, dedicated function for this purpose." }, { "id": "ab2ff309-c791-4c21-b12e-3bbf1bf61832", "q": "What is the output of the following code? (Assume int a=5, b=3;) printf("a + b = a + b");", "options": ["a + b = 5 + 3", "a + b = 8", "a + b = a + b", "Compilation error"], "answer": 2, "hint": "Check if the output format matches the intended message.", "explanation": "The format string prints the literal characters 'a' and 'b' and the result of the expression 'a+b'. The integers a and b are not printed because there are no format specifiers (%d) to interpret them as arguments." }, { "id": "ab9f1db7-2064-4eef-ba61-00c569105347", "q": "What is the key difference between puts() and printf() for printing strings?", "options": ["puts() can print formatted data, printf() cannot", "puts() automatically appends a newline, printf() does not", "printf() can only print integers, puts() can print strings", "They are completely interchangeable"], "answer": 1, "hint": "Consider the function that automatically appends a newline character.", "explanation": "The puts() function prints a string followed by a newline character. In contrast, printf() only prints what is specified in its format string and does not automatically add a newline." }], topicId: "1.4" }), _jsx(ContentAttribution, { sourceTitle: "Curriculum Reference", sourceUrl: "https://learningway.in", professor: "Faculty Review Team", model: "Curriculum AI", seoTitle: "Basic Input and Output functions", seoDesc: "Master Basic Input and Output functions with comprehensive notes, real-world examples, and practice quiz on LearningWay.", seoKeywords: "basic input and output functions, basic input and output functions notes, basic input and output functions examples, diploma engineering notes, practice quiz, learningway" })] })] }); } function MDXContent(props = {}) { const {wrapper: MDXLayout} = { ..._provideComponents(), ...props.components }; return MDXLayout ? _jsx(MDXLayout, { ...props, children: _jsx(_createMdxContent, { ...props }) }) : _createMdxContent(props); } return { default: MDXContent }; function _missingMdxReference(id, component) { throw new Error("Expected " + (component ? "component" : "object") + " `" + id + "` to be defined: you likely forgot to import, pass, or provide it."); }